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The term passive house (''Passivhaus'' in German) refers to a rigorous, voluntary standard for energy efficiency in a building, reducing its ecological footprint.〔Zeller, Jr., Tom. (Beyond Fossil Fuels: Can We Build in a Brighter Shade of Green? ), ''New York Times'', September 26, 2010, p.BU1.〕 It results in ultra-low energy buildings that require little energy for space heating or cooling.〔Gröndahl, Mika & Gates, Guilbert. (The Secrets of a Passive House ), ''The New York Times'' website, September 25, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.〕〔(Definition of Passive House ), PassivHaustagung.de website〕 A similar standard, ''MINERGIE-P'', is used in Switzerland.〔(Minergie-Standard ), Minergie.ch website.〕 The standard is not confined to residential properties; several office buildings, schools, kindergartens and a supermarket have also been constructed to the standard. Passive design is not an attachment or supplement to architectural design, but a design process that is integrated with architectural design.〔 Yan Ji and Stellios Plainiotis (2006): ''Design for Sustainability''. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press. ISBN 7-112-08390-7. 〕 Although it is mostly applied to new buildings, it has also been used for refurbishments. Estimates of the number of Passivhaus buildings around the world in late 2008 ranged from 15,000 to 20,000 structures.〔 〕〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.buildingtalk.com/news/tim/tim140.html ) 〕 As of August 2010, there were approximately 25,000 such certified structures of all types in Europe, while in the United States there were only 13, with a few dozen more under construction.〔 The vast majority of passive structures have been built in German-speaking countries and Scandinavia.〔 == History == The Passivhaus standard originated from a conversation in May 1988 between Bo Adamson of Lund University, Sweden, and Wolfgang Feist of the Institut für Wohnen und Umwelt (Institute for Housing and the Environment, Germany).〔(Institute for Housing and the Environment )〕 Their concept was developed through a number of research projects,〔(Evaluation of the First Passive House )〕 aided by financial assistance from the German state of Hessen. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Passive house」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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