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Paulicians (, ''Pawłikeanner''; (ギリシア語:Παυλικιανοί);〔(New Advent Catholic Encyclopaedia )〕 Arab sources: ''Baylakānī'', ''al Bayālika'')〔Nersessian, Vrej (1998). The Tondrakian Movement: Religious Movements in the Armenian Church from the 4th to the 10th Centuries. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 13. ISBN 0-900707-92-5.〕 were a Christian Adoptionist sect, also accused by medieval sources of being Gnostic and quasi-Manichaean Christian. They flourished between 650 and 872 in Armenia and the eastern themata of the Byzantine Empire. According to medieval Byzantine sources, the group's name was derived from the 3rd century Bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata.〔 Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan. ''«Պավլիկյան շարժում»'' (The Paulician movement). Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. vol. ix. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1983, pp. 140-141.〕 ==History== The sources show that the majority of the Paulician leaders were Armenians.〔Nersessian, Vrej: The Tondrakian Movement, Princeton Theological Monograph Series, Pickwick Publications, Allison Park, Pennsylvania, 1948, p.53.〕 The founder of the sect is said to have been an Armenian by the name of Constantine,〔(Constantine-Silvanus )." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed 2 September 2008.〕 who hailed from Mananalis, a community near Paytakaran. He studied the Gospels and Epistles, combined dualistic and Christian doctrines, and, upon the basis of the former, vigorously opposed the formalism of the church. According to Christian historian and scholar Samuel Vila:〔"A las fuentes del cristianismo", p. 203, 5th Ed. 1976, Tell; 1st Ed. 1931〕 " ... in the year 660 (Constantine ) received a deacon in his house, who put in his hands a precious and rare treasure in those days before the invention of the printing press: a New Testament. Upon reading the same he came to know about the whole salvation in Christ; and upon sharing said good news with others, he formed a group of sincere believers; later on, of preachers ... who became known as Paulicians ..." Regarding himself as called to restore the pure Christianity of Paul (of Tarsus), he adopted the name Silvanus (one of Paul's disciples) and about the year 660 founded his first congregation at Kibossa in Armenia. Twenty-seven years afterwards he was arrested by the Imperial authorities, tried for heresy and stoned to death.〔CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Paulicians - New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11583b.htm〕 Simeon, the court official who executed the order, was himself converted and adopting the name Titus became Constantine’s successor. He was burned to death (the punishment pronounced upon the Manichaeans) in 690.〔 The adherents of the sect fled, with Paul at their head, to Episparis. He died in 715, leaving two sons, Gegnaesius (whom he had appointed his successor) and Theodore. The latter, giving out that he had received the Holy Ghost, rose up against Gegnaesius, but was unsuccessful. Gegnaesius was taken to Constantinople, appeared before Leo the Isaurian, was declared innocent of heresy, returned to Episparis, but, fearing danger, went with his adherents to Mananalis. His death (in 745) was the occasion of a division in the sect; Zacharias and Joseph being the leaders of the two parties. The latter had the larger following and was succeeded by Baanies in 775. The sect grew in spite of persecution, receiving additions from some of the iconoclasts.〔 The Paulicians were now divided into the Baanites (the old party), and the Sergites (the reformed sect). Sergius, as the reformed leader, was a zealous and effective converter for his sect; he boasted that he had spread his Gospel "from East to West. from North to South".〔Petrus Siculus, "Historia Manichaeorum", op. cit., 45〕 At the same time the Sergites fought against their rivals and nearly exterminated them.〔 Baanes was supplanted by Sergius-Tychicus in 801, who was very active for thirty-four years. His activity was the occasion of renewed persecutions on the part of Leo the Armenian. Obliged to flee, Sergius and his followers settled at Argaun, in that part of Armenia which was under the control of the Saracens. At the death of Sergius, the control of the sect was divided between several leaders. The Empress Theodora, as regent to her son Michael III, instituted a thoroughgoing persecution against the Paulicians throughout Asia Minor,〔Leon Arpee. A History of Armenian Christianity. The Armenian Missionary Association of America, New York, 1946, p. 107.〕 in which 100,000 Paulicians in Byzantine Armenia are said to have lost their lives and all of their property and lands were confiscated by the State.〔Norwich, John Julius: ''A Short History of Byzantium'' Knopf, New York, 1997, page 140〕 Paulicians under their new leader Karbeas fled to new areas. They built two cities, Amara and Tephrike (modern Divriği). By 844, at the height of its power, the Paulicians established a State of the Paulicians〔Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World. State of the Paulicians http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBody.aspx?lemmaid=9146〕〔(Masis Panos. The Paulicians: A timeline & map )〕 at Tephrike. In 856 Karbeas and his people took refuge with the Arabs in the territory around Tephrike and joined forces with Umar al-Aqta, emir of Melitene (who reigned 835-863).〔''Digenis Akritas: The Two-Blooded Border Lord.'' Trans. Denison B. Hull. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1972〕 Karbeas was killed in 863 in Michael III's campaign against the Paulicians, and was possibly with Umar at Malakopea before the battle of Lalakaon. His successor, Chrysocheres, devastated many cities; in 867 he advanced as far as Ephesus, and took many priests as prisoners.〔http://www.medievalchurch.org.uk/h_paul.php〕〔http://www.thelemapedia.org/index.php/Bogomils〕 In 868 the Emperor Basil I dispatched Petrus Siculus to arrange for their exchange. His sojourn of nine months among the Paulicians gave him an opportunity to collect many facts, which he preserved in his ''History of the empty and vain heresy of the Manichæans, otherwise called Paulicians''. The propositions of peace were not accepted, the war was renewed, and Chrysocheres was killed at Bathys Ryax. The power of the Paulicians was broken. Meanwhile, other Paulicians, sectarians but not rebels, lived in communities throughout the empire. Constantine V had already transferred large numbers of them to Thrace.〔(New Advent article on the Paulicians )〕 According Theophanes, the Paulicians of Armenia were moved to Thrace, in 747, in order to strengthen the Bulgarian frontier with a reliable population.〔Nersessian, Vrej: The Tondrakian Movement, Princeton Theological Monograph Series, Pickwick Publications, Allison Park, Pennsylvania, 1948, p.51.〕 In 871, the emperor Basil I ended the power of the State of the Paulicians and the survivors fled to east to the Byzantine-Arab border. In 970, 200,000 Paulicians were transferred by the emperor John Tzimisces (of Armenian origin) to Philippopolis in Thrace and, as a reward for their promise to keep back "the Scythians" (in fact Bulgarians), the emperor granted them religious freedom. This was the beginning of a revival of the sect, but it was true to the empire. Several thousand went in the army of Alexius Comnenus against the Norman Robert Guiscard but, deserting the emperor, many of them (1085) were thrown into prison. By some accounts, Alexius Comnenus is credited with having put an end to the heresy. During a stay at Philippopolis, Alexius argued with the sect, bringing most, if not all, back to the Church (so his daughter: "Alexias", XV, 9). For the converts the new city of Alexiopolis was built, opposite Philippopolis. After this episode, Paulicians as a major force disappear from history, though as a powerless minority they would reappear in many later times and places .〔 When the Crusaders took Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade (1204), they found some Paulicians, whom the historian Gottfried of Villehardouin calls Popelicans. According to the historian Yordan Ivanov, some of the Paulicians were converted to Orthodoxy and Islam, the rest to the Catholic faith during the 16th or 17th century.〔(Bulgarian language) Йордан Иванов. Богомилски книги и легенди, С., 1925 (фототипно изд. С., 1970), с. 36 (Jordan Ivanov. Bogomil Books and Legends, Sofia, 1925, p. 36 (http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/ji/ji_uvod_5.htm or in: Ivanov, Ĵ. Bogomil Books and Legends. Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1976).〕 At the end of the 17th century, the Paulician people still living around Nikopol, Bulgaria were persecuted by the Ottoman Empire, after the uprising of Chiprovtsi in 1688, and a good part of them fled across the Danube and settled in the Banat region. There are still over ten thousand Banat Bulgarian in Romania today: in the villages of Dudeştii Vechi, Vinga, Breştea, and also in the city of Timişoara, with a few in Arad. However, they no longer practice their religion, having converted to Roman Catholicism. Their folklore is specific.〔http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6eslcDWaks〕〔http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isp7nXsrCJY〕 〔http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=41ZlckR_sHQ&feature=endscreen〕 After Bulgaria's liberation from Ottoman rule in 1878, a number of Banat Bulgarians resettled in the northern part of Bulgaria and reside there to this day in the villages of Bardarski Geran, Gostilya, Dragomirovo, Bregare, and Asenovo. There are also a few villages of ex-Paulicians in the Serbian part of Banat, especially the villages of Ivanovo and Belo Blato, near Pančevo. In Russia, after the war of 1828-29 Paulician communities could still be found in the part of Armenia occupied by the Russians. Documents of their professions of faith and disputations with the Georgian bishop about 1837 (Key of Truth, xxiii-xxviii) were later published by Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare. It is with Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare publications of the Paulicians disputations and "The Key of Truth" that Conybeare based his depiction of the Paulicians as simple, godly folk who had kept an earlier (sc. Adoptionistic) form of Christianity (ibid., introduction).〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paulicianism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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