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Pauline Bonaparte
Pauline Bonaparte (20 October 1780 – 9 June 1825) was the first sovereign Duchess of Guastalla, an imperial French Princess and the Princess consort of Sulmona and Rossano. She was the sixth child of Letizia Ramolino and Carlo Buonaparte, Corsica's representative to the court of King Louis XVI of France. Her elder brother, Napoleon, was the first Emperor of the French. She married Charles Leclerc, a French general, a union ended by his death in 1802. Later, she married Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona. Her only child, Dermide Leclerc, born from her first marriage, died in infancy. She was the only Bonaparte sibling to visit Napoleon on his principality, Elba.
==Early life==
Maria Paola Buonaparte, the sixth child of Letizia Ramolino and Carlo Buonaparte, Corsica's representative to the court of King Louis XVI of France, was born on 20 October 1780 in Ajaccio, Corsica.〔Fraser, Flora: ''Venus of Empire: The Life of Pauline Bonaparte'', John Murray, London, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7195-6110-8, p 4〕 She was popularly known as "Paoletta", and her family soon took a French spelling of their surname, Bonaparte. Little is known about her childhood, except that she received no formal education.〔Fraser, p 5〕 Following Carlo's death in 1785, the family was plunged into poverty.〔
Her brother Lucien Bonaparte made seditious comments at the local Jacobin chapter in the summer of 1793, forcing the family to flee to the mainland. It was there on the mainland that she became known as "Paulette". The income the Bonapartes earned from their vineyards and other holdings on Corsica was interrupted by the English occupation.〔Fraser, p 9〕 Their existence became so dire that the Bonaparte women reportedly resorted to washing clothes for payment.〔Fraser, p 10〕 Regardless, they received, like other Corsican refugees following the English invasion, a stipend from the government. From their landing place, Toulon, they moved to Marseille, where General Napoleon Bonaparte, her elder brother, introduced her to Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron, the proconsul of Marseille.〔Fraser, p 7〕 He intended them to marry, but Letizia objected.〔 Napoleon, despite the fact that Pauline loved Stanislas, married her to General Charles Leclerc in French-occupied Milan on 14 June 1797.〔Fraser, p 25〕 Napoleon returned to Paris and delegated the office of commander-in-chief of the French army in Italy to his brother-in-law.〔Fraser, p 27〕 Pauline gave birth to a boy, Dermide Louis Napoleon, on 20 April 1798.〔Fraser, p 28〕 In celebration, General Leclerc acquired a property outside Novellara worth 160,000 French francs.〔Fraser, p 29〕 Ill-health forced Leclerc to resign from his military post in October of the same year; he was transferred to Paris. Leclerc was again relocated upon arrival, this time to Brittany. Pauline stayed in Paris with Dermide.〔Fraser, p 30〕 Laure de Permond—the future Duchesse d'Abrantès—and her mother welcomed Pauline into their salon at the rue Saint-Croix.〔Fraser, p 34〕 Napoleon seized power in Coup of Brumaire in November 1799: deposing the Directory, he pronounced himself First Consul.〔Fraser, p 41〕
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