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Pelusia
In the Roman Empire, the Pelusia was a religious festival held March 20〔The date is given as March 24 in some secondary sources.〕 in honor of Isis and her child Harpocrates. It would have coincided with the second day of the Quinquatria, a five-day festival to Minerva.〔R.E. Witt, ''Isis in the Ancient World'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971, 1997), p. 123.〕 The holiday was not a part of the Roman calendar before the mid-1st century AD, but had been added by the time of Marcus Aurelius (161–180).〔''Historia Augusta'', Marcus Aurelius 23.8.〕 It is preserved in the Calendar of Filocalus (354 AD) as an official holiday.〔Michele Renee Salzman, ''On Roman Time: The Codex Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity'' (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 125, 170, 174.〕
The Byzantine scholar John Lydus (6th century) explains the festival as commemorating the "mud" from the flooding of the Nile, which generates fertility and ends hunger and drought, and was probably thought to be embodied by the birth of Harpocrates, who in art is depicted emerging from mud and bearing a cornucopia.〔Salzman, ''On Roman Time,'' pp. 174–175.〕
Participants in the Pelusia were sprinkled with water in order to obtain rebirth ''(regeneratio)'' and immunity from offenses to the gods ''(impunitas periurorum)''. The sprinkling is thought to mimic the symbolic effect of the flooding, and water from the Nile itself may have been used as a form of "holy water" as it was in other ceremonies of Isis brought to Rome. In Christian discourse of the time, ''regeneratio'' was used in connection with baptism. The Christian polemicist Tertullian (d. ca. 225) contrasts the rites of Pelusia with what he sees as the superior efficacy of baptism.〔Tertullian, ''De Baptismo'' 5.1; Fritz Graf, "Baptism and Greco-Roman Mystery Cults," in ''Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity'' (De Gruyter, 2011), pp. 105–106, 108.〕
In Egypt, the Pelusia of March 20 marked the beginning of the sailing season. The day was under the protection of Isis and Serapis.〔J. Leclant and G. Clerc, ''Inventaire bibliographique des Isiaca'' (Brill, 1985), p. 9, summarizing Kurt Latte.〕
==References==
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