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Di Penates
In ancient Roman religion, the Di Penates or Penates (; (ラテン語:dī penātēs) (:ˈdiː ˈpɛ.naːteːs)) were among the ''dii familiares'', or household deities, invoked most often in domestic rituals. When the family had a meal, they threw a bit into the fire on the hearth for the Penates.〔Servius, note to ''Aeneid'' 1.730, as cited by Robert Schilling, "The Penates," in ''Roman and European Mythologies'' (University of Chicago Press, 1981, 1992), p. 138.〕 They were thus associated with Vesta, the Lares, and the Genius of the ''paterfamilias'' in the "little universe" of the ''domus''.〔Cicero, ''De natura deorum'' 2.60–69, as cited by Jane Chance, ''Medieval Mythography: From Roman North Africa to the School of Chartres, A.D. 433–1177'' (University Press of Florida, 1994), p. 73.〕
Like other domestic deities, the Penates had a public counterpart.〔Celia E. Schutz, ''Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2006), p. 123.〕
==Function==
An etymological interpretation of the Penates would make them in origin tutelary deities of the storeroom, Latin ''penus'', the innermost part of the house, where they guarded the household's food, wine, oil, and other supplies.〔Schutz, ''Women's Religious Activity'', p. 123; Sarah Iles Johnston, ''Religions of the Ancient World'' (Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 435; Schilling, "The Penates," p. 138.〕 As they were originally associated with the source of food, they eventually became a symbol of the continuing life of the family. Cicero explained that they "dwell inside, from which they are also called ''penetrales'' by the poets".〔Cicero, ''De natura deorum'' 2.68, as cited by Schilling, "The Penates," p. 138.〕 The 2nd-century AD grammarian Festus defined ''penus'', however, as "the most secret site in the shrine of Vesta, which is surrounded by curtains."〔Festus 296L, as cited by Schilling, "The Penates," p. 138.〕 Macrobius reports the theological view of Varro that "those who dig out truth more diligently have said that the Penates are those through whom we breathe in our inner core ''(penitus)'', through whom we have a body, through whom we possess a rational mind."〔''Qui diligentius eruunt veritatem Penates esse dixerunt per quos penitus spiramus, per quos habemus corpus, per quos rationem animi possidemus'': Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 3.4.8–9, quoting Varro; Sabine MacCormack, ''The Shadows of Poetry: Vergil in the Mind of Augustine'' (University of California Press, 1998), p. 77; H. Cancik and H. Cancik-Lindemaier, "The Truth of Images: Cicero and Varro on Image Worship," in ''Representation in Religion: Studies in Honor of Moshe Barasch'' (Brill, 2001), pp. 48–49.〕
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