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In the colonial caste system of Spanish America and Spanish Philippines, a ''peninsular'' ((:peninsuˈlar), pl. ''peninsulares'') was a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies, as opposed to those of full Spanish descent born in overseas Spanish possessions, who were known as ''criollos''. The word ''peninsular'' makes reference to Peninsular Spain situated on much of the Iberian Peninsula. Higher offices in the Americas and Philippines were held by ''peninsulares''. Apart from the distinction of ''peninsulares'' from ''criollos'', the ''castas'' system distinguished also ''mestizos'' (of mixed Spanish and Amerindian ancestry in the Americas, and mixed Spanish and Chinese or native Filipino in the Philippines), ''mulatos'' (of mixed Spanish and black ancestry), ''indios'', ''zambos'' (mixed Amerindian and black ancestry) and finally ''negros''. In some places and times, such as during the wars of independence, ''peninsulares'' were called deprecatively ''godos'' (meaning ''Goths'', referring to the "Visigoths", who had ruled Spain), or in Mexico, ''gachupines'' or ''gauchos''. Colonial officials at the highest levels arrived from Spain to fulfill their duty to govern Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines. Often, the ''peninsulares'' possessed large quantities of land. They defended Cádiz's monopoly on trade, upsetting the ''criollos'', who turned to contraband with British and French colonies, especially in areas away from the main ports of call for the ''Flota de Indias''. They worked to preserve Spanish power and acted as agents of patrol, in certain cases. In colonial social hierarchy, the ''peninsulares'' were nominally at the top, followed by ''criollos'', who developed a fully entrenched powerful local aristocracy during the seventeenth and eighteenth century. In the French Revolution, the ''peninsulares'' were generally conservative. ==References== Burkholder, Mark A. and Johnson, Lyman L. ''Colonial Latin America'', sixth edition (Oxford University Press. 2008) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Peninsulars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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