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thumb The penteconter, alt. spelling ''pentekonter'' and ''pentaconter'', also transliterated as ''pentecontor'' or ''pentekontor'' ((ギリシア語:πεντηκόντορος), fifty-oared),〔Entry (πεντηκόντορος ) at LSJ〕 plural penteconters, was an ancient Greek galley in use since the archaic period. In an alternative meaning, the term was also used for a military commander of fifty men in ancient Greece.〔(penteconter ), in ''Collins English Dictionary''〕 The penteconters emerged in an era when there was no distinction between merchant and war ships. They were versatile, long-range ships used for sea trade, piracy and warfare, capable of transporting freight or troops. A penteconter was rowed by fifty oarsmen, arranged in two rows of twenty-five on each side of the ship. A midship mast with sail could also propel the ship under favourable wind. Penteconters were long and sharp-keeled ships, hence described as ''long vessels'' (, ''nḗes makraí''). They typically lacked a full deck, and thus were also called ''unfenced vessels'' (, ''áphraktoi nḗes''). Homer describes war ships during the Trojan War of various numbers of oars varying from twenty-oared, such as the ship that brought Chryseis back to her father,〔Homer, Iliad, (book 1 309 )〕 to fifty-oared, as Odysseus’ ship that had fifty men〔Homer's Odyssey (book 10, 311, 344 ) describes two groups of twenty-two men, plus Odysseus and Eurylokhos (six men were already lost by Polyphemus).〕 and as many as 120 men of the Boeotian ships. According to some contemporary calculations, penteconters are believed to have been between long, approximately 4 m wide, and capable of reaching a top speed of . However, modern reconstructions of penteconters, as well as other ancient ship designs such as triremes, manned by modern untrained amateurs, attained that top speed fairly easily on initial sea trials, which implies that the top speed of that type of ship in the ancient era had to be substantially higher. Ancient Greeks also used the triaconter (also triacontor, ), a shorter version of the penteconter with thirty oars. There is a general agreement that the trireme, the primary warship of classical antiquity, evolved from the penteconter via the bireme. The penteconter remained in use until the Hellenistic period, when it became complemented and eventually replaced by other designs, such as the ''lembos'', the ''hemiolia'' and the liburnians. ==See also== * Pentecopterus 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Penteconter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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