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Penultima is a game of inductive logic, played on a chess board. It was invented by Michael Greene and Adam Chalcraft in Cambridge in 1994. The game is derived from the chess variant Ultima (otherwise known as ''Baroque Chess''), and played with a standard chess board and pieces, each piece having different movement and capture rules from standard chess. In a manner similar to the game Mao, which was a popular game in Cambridge at that time, the rules for each piece vary from game to game, and are initially kept secret from the players. Penultima is similar in style to Eleusis, Zendo and Mao. The name of the game is a pun on "penultimate", and "Ultima", the name of the chess variant. ==Rules== Several ''Spectators'' create secret rules which govern how the pieces move and two ''Players'' attempt to discover these rules. The game is traditionally played with chess pieces but may be played any sufficiently distinct components, such as coins or Icehouse pieces. Before the game starts, the ''Spectators'' decide between themselves which pieces they will write rules for. The secret rule for a piece may for example control the way that piece moves, captures, or is captured, and may cause it to affect other pieces on the board. A piece may be given an ''invoke'' command which causes it to affect other pieces on the board without moving. When he has written the secret rule for a piece, the ''Spectator'' also gives it a new name for the duration of the game. These names, and the existence of any invoke commands, are announced to the players at the start of the game. During the game the spectators may privately discuss the how their rules interact. On his turn, a ''Player'' attempts to move or invoke one of his pieces, and the ''Spectator'' for that piece declares whether the action is legal or illegal. If it is legal, that ''Player's'' turn ends and play passes to the other ''Player''. If it is illegal, the piece is returned to its position at the start of the turn. In the original game, play then passes to the other ''Player''; in other variants the original ''Player'' continues making attempts until he succeeds in making a legal move or invoke. If the player is in "check", they can repeatedly attempt moves until able to get out of check. As in standard chess, the winning player is the one who forces his or her opponent's king (or equivalent piece) into checkmate. At the end of the game, the ''Spectators'' reveal their rules. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Penultima」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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