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Seth-Peribsen (also known as Ash-Peribsen, Peribsen and Perabsen) is the serekh name of an early Egyptian monarch (pharaoh), who ruled during the Second Dynasty of Egypt (c. 2890 – c. 2686 BC).〔 His chronological position within this dynasty is unknown and it is disputed who ruled both before and after him. The duration of his reign is also unknown.〔Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 195.〕 Peribsen's royal name is a subject of curiosity for Egyptologists because it is connected to the deity Seth rather than Horus, as was traditional for the name of a pharaoh. The debate continues over why Peribsen chose this name. Earlier theories have favoured the idea that Egypt was split in two realms during Peribsen's time or that he was a heretic, who sought to start a new monotheistic religion with Seth as the only worshipped god.〔 However, newer evidence and evaluations tend to show that the Egyptian kingdom was unified, but witnessed a vast and profound reform during the second dynasty. Seal impressions from tombs of this era reveal great changes in the titles held by high officials, pointing to a reduction of their power. Further seal impressions show that several deities were worshipped under Peribsen, refuting the monotheism theory, with other contemporary inscriptions indicating that the Egyptian grammar was perfected during his reign: In particular, the earliest seal impressions with complete sentences date back to Peribsen's reign. Thus, Peribsen's reign was in fact a time of cultural and religious advancement.〔Herman te Velde: ''Seth, God of Confusion. A study of his role in Egyptian mythology and religion (= Probleme der Ägyptologie. Bd. 6). Reprint with come corrections.'' Brill, Leiden 1977, ISBN 90-04-05402-2, p. 109-111.〕〔Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen''. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 219, 228 & 231.〕 Existing negative views about Peribsen's existence are based on Ramesside king lists, such as the Abydos King List, the Saqqara King List and the Royal Canon of Turin, which all omit Peribsen's name. These, however, are thought to have been redacted nearly 1500 years after his death〔Bernhard Grdseloff: Notes d'épigraphie archaïque. In: Annales du service des antiquités de l’Égypte. Vol. 44, 1944, ISSN 1687-1510, p. 279–306.〕 and several 4th dynasty tombs of priests performing the funerary cult for Peribsen have been uncovered. These tombs report Peribsen's name correctly and their existence demonstrate that Peribsen was seen as a legitimate pharaoh, not subject to damnatio memoriae as Akhenaten later would be. Historians and Egyptologists therefore consider the possibility that Peribsen's name was actually forgotten in time or that his name was preserved in a distorted, misspelled form.〔Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Royal annals of ancient Egypt - The Palermo stone and its associated fragments.'' Routledge, London 2012, ISBN 113660247X, p. 200–206.〕 Peribsen's Tomb was discovered in 1898 at Abydos. It was well preserved and showed traces of restoration undertaken during later dynastic periods.〔Laurel Bestock: ''The Early Dynastic Funerary Enclosures of Abydos''. In: ''Archéo-Nil''. Vol. 18, 2008, ISSN 1161-0492, p. 42–59.〕 == Archaeological evidence == The serekh for Peribsen was found pressed in earthen jar seals made of clay and mud and in inscriptions on alabaster, sandstone, porphyry and black schist vessels. These seals and vessels were excavated from Peribsen's tomb and at an excavation site in Elephantine. One clay seal with Peribsen's name was found inside the mastaba tomb ''K1'' at Beit Khallaf.〔William Matthew Flinders Petrie, Francis Llewellyn Griffith: ''The royal tombs of the earliest dynasties/ 1901: Part II.'' (= ''Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund.'' Vol. 21, ). Offices of The Egypt Exploration Fund u. a., London 1901, (Tafel XXII, Abb. 178–179 ), ((Complete essay as PDF-file )).〕〔Jeffrey A. Spencer: ''Early Egypt: The rise of civilisation in the Nile Valley''. British Museum Press, London 1993, ISBN 0-7141-0974-6, p. 67–72 & 84.〕 Two large tomb stelae made of granite were found at his burial site. Their shape is unusual and they appear unfinished and rough. Egyptologists suspect that this was done deliberately, but the reasons are unknown.〔W. M. Flinders Petrie: ''The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties'', Part II. London 1901, Tafel XXII, page 178–179.〕〔Jeffrey A. Spencer: ''Early Egypt: the rise of civilisation in the Nile Valley''. British Museum Press, London 1993, page 67–72 & 84.〕 A cylinder seal of unknown provenance shows Peribsen's name inside a cartouche and gives the epithet ''Merj-netjeru'' ("beloved of the gods"). This arrangement leads Egyptologists and archaeologists to the conclusion that the seal must have been created later, in memoriam, because the use of royal cartouches began long after Peribsen's reign. Another seal of the same material shows Peribsen's name without a cartouche, but with the royal title ''Nisut-Bity'' ("king of Lower- and Upper Egypt") instead.〔Francesco Tiradritti & Anna Maria Donadoni Roveri: ''Kemet: Alle Sorgenti Del Tempo''. Electa, Milano 1998, ISBN 88-435-6042-5, page 84–85.〕〔Peter Kaplony: ''Die Rollsiegel des Alten Reichs II: Katalog der Rollsiegel'', Part II. Fondation égyptologique Reine Elisabeth, Brüssel 1981, page 13; tav. 1〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Seth-Peribsen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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