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Peristyle
In Hellenistic Greek〔J.A. Dickmann. "The peristyle and the transformation of domestic space in Hellenistic Pompeii", ''Journal of Roman Archeology'' 1997.〕 and Roman architecture〔A. Frazer, "Modes of European Courtyard Design before the Medieval Cloister" ''Gesta'', 1973; K.E. Meyer, "Axial peristyle houses in the western empire," ''Journal of Roman Archaeology'', 1999; S. Hales, ''The Roman House and Social Identity'' 2003.〕 a peristyle (; from Greek περίστυλος) is a columned porch or open colonnade in a building surrounding a court which contains an internal garden. Tetrastoon (from Greek τετράστῳον, "four arcades") is another name for this feature. In the Christian ecclesiastical architecture that developed from Roman precedents, a basilica, such as Old St Peter's in Rome, would stand behind a peristyle forecourt that sheltered it from the street. In time the cloister developed from the peristyle.
==In Roman architecture==
In rural settings a wealthy Roman could surround a villa with terraced gardens; within the city Romans created their gardens inside the ''domus''. The ''peristylium'' was an open courtyard within the house; the columns or square pillars surrounding the garden supported a shady roofed portico whose inner walls were often embellished with elaborate wall paintings of landscapes and ''trompe-l'oeil'' architecture. Sometimes the lararium, a shrine for the Lares, the gods of the household, was located in this portico, or it might be found in the atrium. The courtyard might contain flowers and shrubs, fountains, benches, sculptures and even fish ponds.〔E.B. MacDougall, W.M.F. Jashemski, eds., ''Ancient Roman Gardens: Dumbarton Oaks Colloqium on the History of Landscape Architecture'', 1979.〕 Romans devoted as large a space to the peristyle as site constraints permitted; even in the grandest development of the urban peristyle house, as it evolved in Roman North Africa, often one range of the portico was eliminated, for a larger open space.〔Yvon Thébert, "Private life and domestic architecture in Roman Africa", in Paul Veyne, ed. ''A History of Private Life'', I: ''From Pagan Rome to Byzantium'' (1985, Arthur Goldhammer, tr., 1987) esp. "The peristyle", pp 357-64.〕
The end of the Roman ''domus'' is one mark of the extinction of the Late Classical culture: "the disappearance of the Roman peristyle house marks the end of the ancient world and its way of life," remarked Simon P. Ellis.〔Simon P. Ellis, "The End of the Roman House" ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 92.4 (October 1988:565-576) opened the article's abstract with these words.〕 "No new peristyle houses were built after A.D. 550." Noting that as houses and villas were increasingly abandoned in the fifth century, a few palatial structures were expanded and enriched, as power and classical culture became concentrated in a narrowing class, and public life withdrew to the basilica, or audience chamber, of the magnate. In the Eastern Roman empire, Late Antiquity lingered longer: Ellis identified the latest known peristyle house built from scratch as the "House of the Falconer" at Argos, dating from the style of its floor mosaics about 530-550.〔Ellis notes G. Akerström-Hougen, ''The Calendar and Hunting Mosaics of the Falconer in Argos'', Stockholm, 1974; a somewhat later peristyle house, at Hermione in the Peloponnesus, of the end of the 6th century, was not initiated at this late date but a partial reconstruction of an earlier elite dwelling (Ellis 1988:565).〕 Existing houses were subdivided in many cases, to accommodate a larger and less elite population in a warren of small spaces, and columned porticoes were enclosed in small cubicles, as at the House of Hesychius at Cyrene.〔Noted by Ellis p. 567.〕
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