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Periyar E. V. Ramasamy
Erode Venkata Ramasamy〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About Periyar: A Biographical Sketch from 1879 to 1909 )〕 (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973), affectionately called Periyar or E. V. R. by his followers, was an Indian social activist, politician and businessman who started the Self-Respect Movement or the Dravidian Movement. He was also the founder of the Dravidar Kazhagam political party.〔Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha; Shankar Raghuraman (2004). ''A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand'', Sage Publications: New Delhi, p. 230.〕
Periyar was born in Erode, Madras Presidency to a wealthy family of Balijas.〔, a Merchant Caste of Telugu Ancestry who descended from the migrant commanders of Vijayanagar Empire〕 At a young age, he witnessed numerous incidents of caste and gender discrimination.〔 Periyar married when he was 19, and had a daughter who lived for only 5 months. His first wife, Nagammai, died in 1933.〔Gopalakrishnan, M.D. (1991) ''Periyar: Father of the Tamil race'', Chennai. Emerald Publishers, p. 3.〕 Periyar married for a second time in July 1948.〔 His second wife, Maniammai, continued Periyar's social work after his death in 1973, but still his thoughts and ideas were being spread by Dravidar Kazhagam.〔Gopalakrishnan, ''periyar: Father of the Tamil race'', pp. 50 & 52.〕
Periyar joined the Indian National Congress in 1919, but resigned in 1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests of the Brahmins. In 1924, Periyar participated in a non-violent agitation (satyagraha) in Vaikom, Kerala. From 1929 to 1932 toured British Malaya, Europe, and Russia, which had an influence on him.〔Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 54.〕 In 1939, Periyar became the head of the Justice Party, and in 1944, he changed its name to ''Dravidar Kazhagam''.〔Pandian, J., (1987).''Caste, Nationalism, and Ethnicity''. Popular Prakashan Private Ltd.: Bombay, p. 64.〕 The party later split and one group led by C. N. Annadurai formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949.〔 While continuing the Self-Respect Movement, he advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu (''Dravidistan'').〔Chatterjee, Debi, (1981 )(2004) ''Up Against Caste: Comparative study of Ambedkar and Periyar''. Rawat Publications: Chennai, p. 42.〕
Periyar propagated the principles of rationalism, self-respect, women’s rights and eradication of caste. He opposed the exploitation and marginalisation of the non-Brahmin Dravidian people of South India and the imposition of what he considered Indo-Aryan India. His work has greatly revolutionised the Tamil society and has significantly removed caste-based discrimination. He is also responsible for bringing new changes to the Tamil alphabet. The citation awarded by the UNESCO described Periyar as "the prophet of the new age, the Socrates of South East Asia, father of social reform movement and arch enemy of ignorance, superstitions, meaningless customs and base manners."
==Biography==
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