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Personism is an ethical philosophy of personhood as typified by the thought of the preference utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer.〔''Rethinking Peter Singer: a Christian Critique'', by Gordon R. Preece〕〔''Applied ethics: a non-consequentialist approach'', by David S. Oderberg〕〔''Humanism and Personism: The false philosophy of Peter Singer'', by Jenny Teichman〕 It amounts to a branch of secular humanism with an emphasis on certain rights-criteria. Personists believe that rights are conferred to the extent that a creature is a person.〔 Michael Tooley provides the relevant definition of a person, saying it is a creature that is "capable of desiring to continue as a subject of experience and other mental states".〔''Bioethics: An Anthology'', by Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer〕 A worldview like secular humanism is personism when the empathy and values are extended to the extent that the creature is a person (apes get very similar rights, insects get vastly fewer rights, etc.). Consequently, a member of the human species may not necessarily fit the definition of “person” and thereby not receive all the rights bestowed to a person. Hence, such philosophers have engaged in arguing that certain disabled individuals (such as those with a mental capacity that is similar to or is perceived as being similar to an infant) are not persons. This philosophy is also supposedly open to the idea that such non-human persons as machines, animals, and extraterrestrial intelligences may be entitled to certain rights currently granted only to humans. Personism may have views in common with transhumanism. ==Details== Singer argues that "...despite many individual exceptions, humanists have on the whole been unable to free themselves from one of the most central of these Christian dogmas: the prejudice of Speciesism."〔 Jaqueline Laing claims that Singer's philosophy has natural conclusions that contradict his own account〔 Jacqueline A. Laing (1997), “(Innocence and Consequentialism ): Inconsistency, Equivocation and Contradiction in the Philosophy of Peter Singer” in ''Human Lives: Critical Essays on Consequentialist Bioethics'', eds. J. A. Laing with D. S. Oderberg. London, Macmillan, pp. 196-224〕 as well as conflict with common philosophical intuition. In one such feature of his philosophy, Singer argues that fetuses and even newborn humans are not yet persons and do not, therefore, have the same rights as an adult human or any other person. Thus the right to life does not apply to fetuses according to Singer's preference utilitarian as a non-person can not have preferences (see Singer on abortion, euthanasia, and infanticide). On the other hand, Michael Tooley distinguished between creatures that only have the ''possibility'' of becoming a person as he defined it (e.g. fetuses, or spermatozoa and an ovum) and a creature that already has that capacity, and is already owed moral consideration accordingly (e.g. a sleeping person).〔 Personism also suggests that animals have more rights than they are currently conceded, since their goals and desires have some moral weight. This includes a right to life, since death is the greatest obstruction to a person's goals.〔 Depending on their level of sentience, an animal should be given more rights (e.g. a cow is more of a "person" than a fly). Singer himself is a vegan, and advocates for vegetarianism. He adds that he is concerned with the rights of any creatures that currently exist, not with "potential" persons. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Personism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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