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Perugia (; ) is the capital city of the region of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the river Tiber. The city is also the capital of the province of Perugia. Perugia is located about north of Rome, and south-east of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. The region of Umbria is bordered by Tuscany, Lazio and Marche. The history of Perugia goes back to the Etruscan period. Perugia was one of the main Etruscan cities. The city is also known as the universities town, with the University of Perugia founded in 1308 (about 34,000 students), the University for Foreigners (5,000 students), and some smaller colleges such the Academy of Fine Arts "Pietro Vannucci" ((イタリア語:Accademia di Belle Arti "Pietro Vannucci")) public athenaeum founded on 1573, the Perugia University Institute of Linguistic Mediation for translators and interpreters, the Music Conservatory of Perugia, founded on 1788, and others Institutes. There are annual festivals and events: the Eurochocolate Festival (October), the Umbria Jazz Festival (July), and the International Journalism Festival (in April). Perugia is a well-known cultural and artistic centre of Italy. The famous painter Pietro Vannucci, nicknamed Perugino, was a native of Città della Pieve near Perugia. He decorated the local ''Sala del Cambio'' with a beautiful series of frescoes; eight of his pictures can also be admired in the National Gallery of Umbria.〔cf. ''Perugia'', Raffaele Rossi, Pietro Scarpellini, 1993 (Vol. 1, pg. 337, 344)〕 Perugino was the teacher of Raphael,〔"...it appears most probable that he did not enter Perugino's studio till the end of 1499, as during the four or five years before that Perugino was mostly absent from his native city. The so-called Sketch Book of Raphael in the academy of Venice contains studies apparently from the cartoons of some of Perugino's Sistine frescoes, possibly done as practice in drawing." (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition). See also "Perugia". ''The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003〕 the great Renaissance artist who produced five paintings in Perugia (today no longer in the city)〔The precise role of Raphael in Perugino's works, executed during his apprenticeship, is disputed by scholars. The independent works depicted in Perugia are: the ''Ansidei Madonna ''(taken by the French under the terms of the Treaty of Tolentino in 1798), the Deposition by Raphael (''Pala Baglioni'', this masterpiece was expropriated by Scipione Borghese in 1608, cf. ('The Guardian'', October 19, 2004 )), the Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints, by Raphael (formerly located in the convent of St Anthony of Padua cf.(The Colonna Altarpiece review at Art History )), the ''Connestabile Madonna'' (this picture left Perugia in 1871, when Count Connestabile sold it to the emperor of Russia for £13,200, cf. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''), the Oddi altar by Raphael (requisitioned by the French in 1798)〕 and one fresco.〔 Another famous painter, Pinturicchio, lived in Perugia. Galeazzo Alessi is the most famous architect from Perugia. The city symbol is the griffin, which can be seen in the form of plaques and statues on buildings around the city. == History == Perugia was an Umbrian settlement〔Perugia (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved May 21, 2007, from (Encyclopædia Britannica Online )〕 but first appears in written history as ''Perusia'', one of the 12 confederate cities of Etruria;〔 it was first mentioned in Q. Fabius Pictor's account, utilized by Livy, of the expedition carried out against the Etruscan League by Fabius Maximus Rullianus〔"How much of his glory is due to his kinsman, Fabius Pictor, the first historian of Rome, or to the family legends, which found in Etruria the most fitting scene for the exploits of the great Fabian house, we cannot tell" (Walter W. How and Henry Devenish Leigh, ''A History of Rome to the Death of Caesar'' London: Longmans, Green 1898:112).〕 in 310 or 309 BC. At that time a thirty-year ''indutiae'' (truce) was agreed upon;〔Livy ix.37.12).〕 however, in 295 Perusia took part in the Third Samnite War and was reduced, with Volsinii and Arretium (Arezzo), to seek for peace in the following year.〔Livy ix.30.1-2, 31.1-3; ''indutiae'' with Volsinii, Perusia and Arretium, ix.37.4-5.〕 In 216 and 205 BC it assisted Rome in the Second Punic War but afterwards it is not mentioned until 41-40 BC, when Lucius Antonius took refuge there, and was reduced by Octavian after a long siege, and its senators sent to their death. A number of lead bullets used by slingers have been found in and around the city.〔cf. ''Corpus Inscr. Lat.'' xi. 1212〕 The city was burnt, we are told, with the exception of the temples of Vulcan and Juno— the massive Etruscan terrace-walls,〔(Etruscan town walls ).〕 naturally, can hardly have suffered at all— and the town, with the territory for a mile round, was allowed to be occupied by whoever chose. It must have been rebuilt almost at once, for several bases for statues exist, inscribed ''Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta''; but it did not become a ''colonia'', until 251-253 AD, when it was resettled as ''Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia'', under the emperor C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus.〔Latin inscriptions at two of the preserved Etruscan gates.〕 It is hardly mentioned except by the geographers until it was the only city in Umbria to resist Totila, who captured it and laid the city waste in 547, after a long siege, apparently after the city's Byzantine garrison evacuated. Negotiations with the besieging forces fell to the city's bishop, Herculanus, as representative of the townspeople.〔Patrick Amory, ''People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554'' pp185-86, referring to Perugia in passing, notes the increasingly localized role assumed since the mid-5th century by the bishops.〕 Totila is said to have ordered the bishop to be flayed and beheaded. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the city's patron saint.〔Procopius, ''Bellum Gothicum'', 3 (7).2.35.2, characteristically does not mention the incident, reported in Gregory the Great, (''Dialogues'', 13 ), who imagines a seven-year siege (i.e. since 540, before the accession of Baduila) and dramatically reports Herculanus' grotesque murder.〕 In the Lombard period Perugia is spoken of as one of the principal cities of Tuscia.〔Procopius of Caesarea, ''Gothic Wars'' I,16 and III,35.〕 In the 9th century, with the consent of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, it passed under the popes; but by the 11th century its commune was asserting itself, and for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities— Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo etc. In 1186 Henry VI, ''rex romanorum'' and future emperor, granted diplomatic recognition to the consular government of the city; afterward Pope Innocent III, whose major aim was to give state dignity to the dominions having been constituting the patrimony of St. Peter, acknowledged the validity of the imperial statement and recognised the established civic practices as having the force of law.〔cf. ''Perugia'', Raffaele Rossi, Attilio Bartoli Angeli, Roberta Sottani 1993 (Vol. 1, pp. 120-140)〕 On various occasions the popes found asylum from the tumults of Rome within its walls, and it was the meeting-place of five conclaves (Perugia Papacy), including those that elected Honorius III (1216), Clement IV (1285), Celestine V (1294), and Clement V (1305); the papal presence was characterised by a pacificatory rule between the internal rivalries.〔 But Perugia had no mind simply to subserve the papal interests and never accepted papal sovereignty: the city used to exercise a jurisdiction over the members of the clergy, moreover in 1282 Perugia was excommunicated due to a new military offensive against the Ghibellines regardless of a papal prohibition. In the other hand side by side with the 13th century bronze griffin of Perugia above the door of the Palazzo dei Priori stands, as a Guelphic emblem, the lion, and Perugia remained loyal for the most part to the Guelph party in the struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines. However this dominant tendency was rather an anti-Germanic and Italian political strategy.〔 The Angevin presence in Italy appeared to offer a counterpoise to papal powers: in 1319 Perugia declared the Angevin Saint Louis of Toulouse "Protector of the city's sovereignty and of the Palazzo of its Priors"〔"Avvocato della Signoria cittadina e del Palazzo dei suoi Priori"〕 and set his figure among the other patron saints above the rich doorway of the Palazzo dei Priori. Midway through the 14th century Bartholus of Sassoferrato, who was a renowned jurist, asserted that Perugia was dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support.〔 In 1347, at the time of Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in reviving the Roman republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors to pay him honour; and, when papal legates sought to coerce it by foreign soldiers, or to exact contributions, they met with vigorous resistance, which broke into open warfare with Pope Urban V in 1369; in 1370 the noble party reached an agreement signing the treaty of Bologna and Perugia was forced to accept a papal legate; however the vicar-general of the Papal States, Gérard du Puy, Abbot of Marmoutier and nephew of Gregory IX,〔Made a cardinal by his uncle, 20 December 1375 ((Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: 14th century ))〕 was expelled by a popular uprising in 1375, and his fortification of Porta Sole was razed to the ground.〔 Civic peace was constantly disturbed in the 14th century by struggles between the party representing the people (''Raspanti'') and the nobles (''Beccherini''). After the assassination in 1398 of Biordo Michelotti, who had made himself lord of Perugia, the city became a pawn in the Italian Wars, passing to Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1400), to Pope Boniface IX (1403), and to Ladislaus of Naples (1408–14) before it settled into a period of sound governance under the ''Signoria'' of the condottiero Braccio da Montone (1416–24), who reached a concordance with the Papacy. Following mutual atrocities of the Oddi and the Baglioni families, power was at last concentrated in the Baglioni, who, though they had no legal position, defied all other authority, though their bloody internal squabbles culminated in a massacre, 14 July 1500.〔 Gian Paolo Baglioni was lured to Rome in 1520 and beheaded by Leo X; and in 1540 Rodolfo, who had slain a papal legate, was defeated by Pier Luigi Farnese, and the city, captured and plundered by his soldiery, was deprived of its privileges. A citadel known as the , after the name of Pope Paul III, was built, to designs of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger "''ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam''."〔"in order to bring to heel the audacious Perugini".〕 In 1797, the city was conquered by French troops. On 4 February 1798, the ''Tiberina Republic'' was formed, with Perugia as capital, and the French tricolour as flag. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic merged to the Roman Republic. In 1832, 1838 and 1854, Perugia was hit by earthquakes. Following the collapse of the Roman republic of 1848-49, when the Rocca was in part demolished,〔cf. Touring Club Italiano, ''Guida d'Italia: Umbria'' (1966)〕 it was seized in May 1849 by the Austrians. In June 1859 the inhabitants rebelled against the temporal authority of the Pope and established a provisional government, but the insurrection was quashed bloodily by Pius IX's troops.〔cf. (Chicago Tribune, Jul 18, 1859 ) and (The outrage of the American witnesses in Perugia, Chicago Tribune, Jul 21, 1859 )〕 In September 1860 the city was united finally, along with the rest of Umbria, as part of the Kingdom of Italy. During World War II the city suffered only some damage and was liberated by the British 8th army on 20 June 1944.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=314 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Perugia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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