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Pechenegs
The Pechenegs or Patzinaks〔(トルコ語:Peçenek(ler)), (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Pecenegi), (ロシア語:Печенег(и)), (ウクライナ語:Печеніг(и)), (ハンガリー語:Besenyő(k)), (クロアチア語:Pečenezi), , (グルジア語:პაჭანიკი), (ブルガリア語:печенеги), ''pechenegi'' or печенези, ''pechenezi''; (セルビア語:Печенези), (ラテン語:Pacinacae, Bisseni)〕 were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family. Three of the ruling clans of the Pechenegs were the Kankalis/Kangli.
==Ethnonym==
The Pechenegs' ethnonym derived from the Old Turkic word for "brother-in-law” (''baja'', ''baja-naq'' or ''bajinaq''), implying that it initially referred to "in-law related clan or tribe". Sources written in different languages used similar denominations when referring to the confederation of the Pecheneg tribes. They were mentioned under the names ''Bjnak'', ''Bjanak'' or ''Bajanak'' in Arabic and Persian texts, as ''Be-ča-nag'' in Classical Tibetan documents, as ''Pačanak-i'' in works written in Georgian, and as ''Pacinnak'' in Armenian. Anna Komnene and other Byzantine authors referred to the Pechenegs as ''Patzinakoi'' or ''Patzinakitai''. In medieval Latin texts, the Pechenegs were referred to as ''Pizenaci'', ''Bisseni'' or ''Bessi''. East Slavic peoples use the terms ''Pečenegi'' or ''Pečenezi'', while the Poles mentions them as ''Pieczyngowie'' or ''Piecinigi''. The Hungarian word for Pecheneg is ''besenyő''.
According to Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, three of the eight Pechenegs "provinces" or clans were known under the name Kangar. He added that they received this denomination because "they are more valiant and noble than the rest" of the people "and that is what the title Kangar signifies".〔''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 37), p. 171.〕 However, no Turkic word with the meaning suggested by the emperor has been demonstrated. Ármin Vámbéry connected the Kangar denomination to the Kirghiz words ''kangir'' ("agile"), ''kangirmak'' ("to go out riding") and ''kani-kara'' ("black-blooded"), while Carlile Aylmer Macartney associated it with the Chagatai word ''gang'' ("chariot"). Omeljan Pritsak proposed that the name had initially been a composite term ''(Kängär As)'' deriving from the Tocharian word for stone ''(kank)'' and the Iranian ethnonym ''As''. If the latter assumption is valid, the ethnonym of the three Kangar tribes suggest that Iranian elements contributed to the formation of the Pecheneg people.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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