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::''For the article about the bicycle manufacturer, see Cycles Peugeot''. Peugeot (; ; (:pøʒo)) is a French cars brand, part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810, and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles. On 20 November 1858, Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark. Armand Peugeot built the company's first car, an unreliable steam tricycle, in collaboration with Leon Serpollet in 1889; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine.〔Darke, Paul. "Peugeot: The Oldest of Them All", in Ward, Ian, executive editor. ''World of Automobiles'' (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 15, p.1683.〕 Due to family discord, Armand Peugeot in 1896 founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot. The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux, France. Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot Museum there. In February 2014, the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan, in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title="Chinese Firm and France to Buy Stakes in Peugeot" 18 February 2014 )〕 Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles, including four European Car of the Year awards. In 2013 and 2014, Peugeot ranked at the second lowest average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe, the Renault car maker group being ranked first, with 114.9g CO2/km. Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand, citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa or Cuba in the 2010s, where Peugeot is called ''the Lion''. Peugeot has an impressive history in motor sport for more than a century. Peugeot Sport won the World Rally Championship five times, the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup twice (2010, 2011), surpassing Toyota and Audi, the World Endurance Championship twice (1992, 1993), and the Intercontinental Rally Challenge Championship three times. During the last year, Peugeot Sport has surpassed the record set in the ascent to Pikes Peak with the Peugeot 208 T16 driven by Sébastien Loeb,〔http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/car-manufacturers/peugeot/10152695/Sebastien-Loeb-and-Peugeot-smash-Pikes-Peak-record.html "Sébastien Loeb and Peugeot Pikes Peak smash record".〕 and got a triple victory of the Peugeot 208 GTi in its class at the 24 Hours Nürburgring race. In 2015, Peugeot returned to the Dakar Rally after its four victories in the 1980s. ==Early history== The Peugeot family of Valentigney, Montbéliard, Franche-Comté, France, began in the manufacturing business in the 19th century. In 1842, they added production of coffee, pepper, and salt grinders.〔Georgano, G. N. ''Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930''. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985), p.22.〕 The company's entry into the vehicle market was by means of crinoline dresses, which used steel rods, leading to umbrella frames, saw blades, wire wheels, and ultimately bicycles.〔Darke, Paul. "Peugeot: The Oldest of them All", in Northey, Tom, ed. ''The World of Automobiles'' (London: Orbis Publishing, 1974), Volume 15, p.1682.〕 Armand Peugeot introduced his "''Le Grand Bi''" penny-farthing in 1882, along with a range of other bicycles. The car company and bike company parted ways in 1926 but Peugeot bicycles continued to be built until very recently. Armand Peugeot became interested in the automobile early on and, after meeting with Gottlieb Daimler and others, was convinced of its viability. The first Peugeot automobile, a three-wheeled, steam-powered car designed by Léon Serpollet, was produced in 1889; only four examples were made.〔Georgano, p22.〕 Steam power was heavy and bulky and required lengthy warmup times. In 1890, after meeting Daimler and Émile Levassor, steam was abandoned in favour of a four-wheeled car with a petrol-fuelled internal combustion engine built by Panhard under Daimler licence. The car was more sophisticated than many of its contemporaries, with a three-point suspension and a sliding-gear transmission.〔Darke, p.1683.〕 An example was sold to the young Alberto Santos-Dumont, who exported it to Brazil.〔Wykeham, P. ''Santos-Dumont: a Study in Obsession. London: putnam. 1962. pp.30-1〕 More cars followed, 29 being built in 1892, 40 in 1894, 72 in 1895, 156 in 1898, and 300 in 1899.〔 These early models were given "Type" numbers with the Type 12, for example, dating from 1895. Peugeot became the first manufacturer to fit rubber tyres (solid, rather than pneumatic) to a petrol-powered car that year. Peugeot was an early pioneer in motor racing, with Albert Lemaître winning the world's first motor race, the Paris–Rouen (motor race), in a 3 hp Peugeot. Five Peugeots qualified for the main event, and all finished. Lemaître finished 3 min 30 sec behind the Comte de Dion whose steam-powered car was ineligible for the official competition.〔Georgano, p.22.〕 Three Peugeots were entered in the Paris–Bordeaux–Paris, where they were beaten by Panhard's car〔Darke, p.1684. The Panhards were disqualified for being two-seaters. Georgano, p.22.〕 (despite an average speed of 〔Georgano, p.20.〕 and taking the 31,500 ''franc'' prize.〔 This also marked the debut of Michelin pneumatic tyres in racing,〔Darke, p.1684.〕 also on a Peugeot; they proved insufficiently durable.〔 Nevertheless, the vehicles were still very much horseless carriages in appearance and were steered by a tiller. In 1896, the first Peugeot engines were built; no longer were they reliant on Daimler. Designed by Rigoulot, the first engine was an horizontal twin fitted to the back of the Type 15.〔 It also served as the basis of a nearly exact copy produced by Rochet-Schneider.〔 Further improvements followed: the engine moved to the front on the Type 48 and was soon under a hood (bonnet) at the front of the car, instead of hidden underneath; the steering wheel was adopted on the Type 36; and they began to look more like the modern car. Also in 1896, Armand Peugeot broke away from Les Fils de Peugeot Frères to form his own company, Société Anonyme des Automobiles Peugeot, building a new factory at Audincourt to focus entirely on cars.〔 In 1899, sales hit 300; total car sales for all of France that year were 1,200.〔 The same year, Lemaître won the Nice-Castellane-Nice Rally in a special racer.〔 At the 1901 Paris ''Salon'', Peugeot debuted a tiny shaft-driven one-cylinder, dubbed ''Bébé'' (Baby), and shed its conservative image, becoming a style leader.〔Darke, p.1685.〕 After placing 19th in the 1902 Paris-Vienna rally with a racer, and failing to finish with two similar cars, Peugeot quit racing.〔 Peugeot added motorcycles to its range in 1903, and they have been built under the Peugeot name ever since. By 1903, Peugeot produced half of the cars built in France, and they offered the ''Bébé'', a four-seater, and an and resembling contemporary Mercedes models.〔 The 1907 ''Salon'' showed Peugeot's first six-cylinder, and marked Tony Huber joining as engine builder.〔 By 1910, Peugeot's product line included a two-cylinder and six four-cylinders, of between 2 and 6 liters. In addition, a new factory opened the same year at Sochaux, which became the main plant in 1928.〔Darke, p.1686.〕 A more famous name, Ettore Bugatti, designed the new four-cylinder ''Bébé'' of 1912.〔 The same year, Peugeot returned to racing with a team of three driver-engineers (a breed typical of the pioneer period, exemplified by Enzo Ferrari among others): Jules Goux (graduate of ''Arts et Metiers'', Paris), Paolo Zuccarelli (formerly of Hispano-Suiza), and Georges Boillot (collectively called ''Les Charlatans''), with 26-year-old Swiss engineer Ernest Henry to make their ideas reality. The company decided ''voiturette'' (light car) racing was not enough, and chose to try ''grandes épreuves'' (grand touring). They did so with an engineering ''tour de force'': a DOHC 7.6-liter four-cylinder (110x200 mm) with four valves ''per'' cylinder.〔Darke, p.1686 & 1688.〕 It proved faster than other cars of its time, and Boillot won the 1912 French Grand Prix at an average of , despite losing third gear and taking a 20-minute pit stop.〔Darke, p.1688.〕 In May 1913, Goux took one to Indianapolis, and won at an average of , recording straightaway speeds of .〔 making Peugeot the first non-American-based auto company to win at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. In 1914, Boillot's 3-liter L5 set a new Indy lap record of , and Duray placed second (beaten by ex-Peugeot ace René Thomas in a Delage).〔Darke, p.1689.〕 Another (driven by Boillot's brother, André) placed in 1915; similar models won in 1916 (Dario Resta) and 1919 (Howdy Wilcox). For the 1913 French Grand Prix, an improved L5 (with engine) was produced with a pioneering ballbearing crankshaft, gear-driven camshafts, and dry sump lubrication, all of which soon became standard on racing cars; unfortunately, Zuccarelli was killed during testing on public roads,〔 but Boillot easily won the event, making him (and Peugeot) the race's first double winner.〔 For the 1914 French GP, Peugeot was overmatched by Mercedes, and despite a new innovation, four-wheel brakes (against the Mercedes' rear-only), Georges proved unable to match them and the car broke down.〔 (Surprisingly, a 1914 model turned a lap in practice at Indy in 1949, yet it failed to qualify.)〔Darke, p.1690.〕 Peugeot was more fortunate in 1915, winning at the French GP and Vanderbilt Cup.〔 During the First World War, Peugeot turned largely to arms production, becoming a major manufacturer of arms and military vehicles, from bicycles to tanks and shells. Image:1894 paris-rouen - albert lemaître (peugeot 3hp) 1st.jpg|Paris-Rouen 1894. Albert Lemaître (pictured on left) was classified 1st in his Peugeot 3 hp. Bicycle manufacturer Adolphe Clément-Bayard was the front passenger. File:Peugeot 6HP Vis-à-vis 1898.JPG|Peugeot 6HP Vis-à-vis 1898 File:Peugeot Typ 19 1899.JPG|Peugeot Type 19, 1899 File:Peugeot Type 125.jpg|Peugeot Type 125 a midrange car produced in 1910 File:Peugeot Phaeton 139A.JPG|Peugeot, model Phaeton 139A, 1913 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Peugeot」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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