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A pharmakós ((ギリシア語:φαρμακός), plural ''pharmakoi'') in Ancient Greek religion was the ritualistic sacrifice or exile of a human scapegoat or victim. ==Ritual== A slave, a cripple or a criminal was chosen and expelled from the community at times of disaster (famine, invasion or plague) or at times of calendrical crisis. It was believed that this would bring about purification. On the first day of the Thargelia, a festival of Apollo at Athens, two men, the ''Pharmakoi'', were led out as if to be sacrificed as an expiation. Some scholia state that ''pharmakoi'' were actually sacrificed (thrown from a cliff or burned), but many modern scholars reject this, arguing that the earliest source for the ''pharmakos'' (the iambic satirist Hipponax) shows the ''pharmakoi'' being beaten and stoned, but not executed. A more plausible explanation would be that sometimes they were executed and sometimes not, depending on the attitude of the victim. For instance, a deliberate unrepentant murderer would most likely be put to death. In ''Aesop in Delphi'' (1961), Anton Wiechers discussed the parallels between the legendary biography of Aesop (in which he is unjustly tried and executed by the Delphians) and the ''pharmakos'' ritual. For example, Aesop is grotesquely deformed, as was the ''pharmakoi'' in some traditions; and Aesop was thrown from a cliff, as was the pharmakoi in some traditions. Gregory Nagy, in ''Best of the Achaeans'' (1979), compared Aesop’s ''pharmakos'' death to the “worst” of the Achaeans in the Iliad, Thersites. More recently, both Daniel Ogden, ''The Crooked Kings of Ancient Greece'' (1997) and Todd Compton, ''Victim of the Muses: Poet as Scapegoat, Warrior and Hero'' (2006) examine poet ''pharmakoi''. Compton surveys important poets who were exiled, executed or suffered unjust trials, either in history, legend or Greek or Indo-European myth. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pharmakos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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