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Phidias or Pheidias (; , ''Pheidias''; c. 480 – 430 BC) was a Greek sculptor, painter and architect. His statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Phidias also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, namely the ''Athena Parthenos'' inside the Parthenon, and the ''Athena Promachos'', a colossal bronze statue of Athena which stood between it and the Propylaea,〔Birte Lundgreen, "A Methodological Enquiry: The Great Bronze Athena by Phidias" ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies''〕 a monumental gateway that served as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. Phidias was the son of Charmides of Athens.〔Not the Charmides who participated in the tyranny at Athens.〕 The ancients believed that his masters were Hegias〔Not to be confused with Hegias the neoplatonic philosopher.〕 and Hageladas. Plutarch〔Plutarch. ''Life of Pericles'', 31.〕 discusses Phidias' friendship with the Greek statesman Pericles, recording that enemies of Pericles tried to attack him through Phidias - who was accused of stealing gold intended for the Parthenon's statue of Athena, and of impiously portraying himself and Pericles on the shield of the statue. The first charge was disproved, but Phidias was sent to prison for the second, where he died.〔Woodford, Susan. (1982) ''The Art of Greece and Rome''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 52. ISBN 0521298733〕 Pericles' companion, Aspasia, was also accused of impiety and of keeping a disorderly house, but was acquitted of the charges against her. Phidias is often credited as the main instigator of the Classical Greek sculptural design. Today, most critics and historians consider him one of the greatest of all Ancient Greek sculptors.〔(Phidias )〕〔Bertrand Russell, The History of Western Philosophy, Chapter 10, Protagoras, page 95〕 == Works == (詳細はPlato that ascribe Phidias' works to him. The ancient Romans frequently copied and further developed Greek art. Ancient critics take a very high view of the merits of Phidias. What they especially praise is the ethos or permanent moral level of his works as compared with those of the later so called "pathetic" school. Demetrius calls his statues sublime, and at the same time precise. Of his life we know little apart from his works. His first commission created a group of national heroes with Miltiades as a central figure. In 447 BC, the famous Athenian statesman, Pericles, commissioned several sculptures for Athens from Phidias to celebrate the Greek victory against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon during the Greco-Persian Wars (490 BC). Pericles used some of the money from the maritime League of Delos,〔The Delian team was an association of approximately 150 Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire.〕 to rebuild and decorate Athens to celebrate this victory. In 1958 archaeologists found the workshop at Olympia where Phidias assembled the gold and ivory Zeus. At the site, there were still some shards of ivory as well as moulds and other casting equipment, and a black glaze drinking cup〔(Image of the cup )〕 engraved "I belong to Phidias".〔(''The Oxford Art Dictionary'', ''s.v.'' "Phidias" )〕 The Golden Ratio has been represented by the Greek letter (phi), after Phidias, who is said to have employed it. The Golden Ratio is an irrational number approximating 1.6180〔The golden ratio can be derived by the quadratic formula, by starting with the first number as 1, then solving for 2nd number x, where the ratios = x/1 or (multiplying by x) yields: = x2, or thus a quadratic equation: x2 − x − 1 = 0. Then, by the quadratic formula, for positive x = √(b2 − 4ac))/(2a) with a = 1, b = −1, c = −1, the solution for x is: √((−1)2 − 4·1·(−1)))/(2·1) or √(5))/2.〕 which has special mathematical properties. The golden spiral is also said to hold aesthetic values. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phidias」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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