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A phememe (from Ancient Greek wikt:φημί ‘I speak, say’) is a hypothesized speech sound with an abstract gestural meaning, proposed by the linguist Mary LeCron Foster. (The term ''phememe'' appeared earlier in the works of Leonard Bloomfield, who defined it as a "smallest and meaningless unit of linguistic signaling" – either a phoneme or a taxeme.〔Bloomfield, Leonard (1933), ''Language'', New York: Henry Holt, p. 264.〕) According to Foster, phememes were the fundamental building block of the earliest human spoken language (Primordial Language), as opposed to the phonemes of attested languages, contemporary or historical. The phememe concept is thus important in the debate regarding the gestural origin of speech. By way of an example, the sound (), as a meaningful oral gesture, is understood as pointing to “two opposed surfaces in tapering, pressing together, holding together, crushing, or resting against”.〔Foster, Mary LeCron. 1978. The symbolic structure of primordial language. In Sherwood L. Washburn and Elizabeth R. McCown (eds.) ''Human Evolution: Biosocial Perspectives'', 77–121. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.〕 Reflexes of this primordial (), and its original meaning, are found in ostensibly unrelated present-day languages in words referring to the mouth, the female genitals, and semantic extensions of these, e.g. Latin ''mugio'' ‘to moo, bugle’, ''mutus'' ‘mute’, ''mucus'' ‘mucous’, Japanese ''mugon'' ‘silence, muteness’, Dravidian ''muka-'' ‘face, mouth’, Piro (Arawak) ''musi-'' ‘to be pregnant, impregnate’.〔Foster, Mary LeCron. 1990. The Birth and Life of Signs. In Mary LeCron Foster and Lucy Botscharow (eds.) ''The Life of Symbols'', 285–306. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.〕 According to her most recent published work,〔Foster, Mary LeCron. 1996. The reconstruction of the evolution of human spoken language. In Andre Lock and Charles R. Peters (eds.) ''Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution'', 747–775. Oxford: Clarendon Press.〕 Foster proposes that the phememic system of primordial spoken language consisted of the following phememes. The philosopher Maxine Sheets-Johnstone makes extensive use of Foster’s concept of the phememe in arguing iconicity to be the foundation of the symbolic process.〔Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine. 1999. Sensory-kinetic Understandings of Language: An Inquiry into Origins. ''Evolution of Communication'' 3 (2): 149–183.〕 Earl R. Anderson〔Anderson, Earl R. 1998. ''A Grammar of Iconism''. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses. Pp. 63f.〕 points put that the phememe is thus an elaboration of earlier theories postulating a role for oral gesture in the origin of spoken language, such as those of the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace〔The Expressiveness of Speech, or, Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in the Origin of Language. ''Fortnightly Review'' 64: 528–543.〕 and the anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor,〔Tylor, Edward Burnett. 2010 (). ''Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom''. 2 volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.〕 who called his method ''generative philology''. An implication of the phememe hypothesis is that Primordial Language lacked double articulation, which the American linguist Charles F. Hockett proposed as a central design feature of human language. According to this principle, linguistic signs are made up of building blocks, such as phonemes, which are themselves meaningless, e.g. ''cat'' is composed of the phonemes /k/, /æ/ and /t/. Phememes came to be desemanticized and replaced by meaningless phonemes in later evolution. The anthropologist Gordon Hewes proposes that this shift was motivated by the advantages phonemes entail in rapid word retrieval.〔Hewes, Gordon W. 1983. The invention of phonemically-based language. In Eric de Grolier (ed.) ''Glossogenetics: The origin and evolution of language'', 143–162. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic.〕 == References == * * * * 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phememe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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