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The Philistines (, , , or ;〔(Dictionary.com – "Philistines" ).〕 , ''Plištim'') were a people described in the Bible. The Hebrew term "pelishtim" occurs 286 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible (of which 152 times in 1 Samuel), whereas in the Greek Septuagint version of the Hebrew Bible, the equivalent term phylistiim occurs only 12 times, with the remaining 269 references instead using the term "allophylos" ("of another tribe").〔 According to and , the land of the Philistines (or Allophyloi), called Philistia, was a pentapolis in southwestern Levant comprising the five city-states of Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath, from Wadi Gaza in the south to the Yarqon River in the north, but with no fixed border to the east.〔.〕 The Bible portrays them at one period of time as among the Kingdom of Israel's most dangerous enemies.〔 Biblical scholars have connected the Philistines to other biblical groups such as Caphtorim and the Cherethites and Pelethites, which have both been identified with Crete, and leading to the tradition of an Aegean origin, although this theory has been disputed. Outside of the Bible, the evidence for and origins of the Philistines are not clear and is the subject of considerable research and speculation in biblical archaeology. Since 1822, scholars have connected the Biblical Philistines with the Egyptian "Peleset" inscriptions,〔(People of the sea: the search for the Philistines ), Trude Krakauer Dothan, Moshe Dothan, Macmillan, 1992, p22-23. Jean-François Champollion, in 1822, was the first to make this connection.〕 all five of which appear from 1150 BCE just as archaeological references to "Kinaḫḫu" or "Ka-na-na" (Canaan) come to an end,〔: "As the Egyptian province in Asia collapsed after the death of Merneptah, and as the area that identified itself as ‘Canaan’ shrank to the coastal cities beneath the Lebanon range, the names ‘Philistia’ and ‘Philistines’ (or, more plainly, ‘Palestine’ and ‘Palestinians’) came to the fore"〕 and since 1873 comparisons were drawn between them and to the Aegean "Pelasgians".〔(Who Were the Phoenicians?, Nissim Raphael Ganor, 2009 ), (also ()), page 111, Quote: "Today it is generally accepted (in accordance with the theory of Maspero) that we are dealing here with different nations which migrated from the region of Crete or Asia Minor, and tried to infiltrate into Egypt. Repulsed by the Egyptians, the Philistines (P. R. S. T.) settled in the coastal area of Canaan, while the Tyrsenes, Sardanes, and others migrated to Italy, Sardinia and other places. In 1747 Fourmont tried to prove that the name "Philistine" was an erroneous form of the Greek "Pelasgi". His theory was accepted by Chabas, Hitzig and others who enlarged upon it. Maspero stated in this context: "The name 'Plishti' by itself suggests a foreign origin or long migrations and recalls that of the Pelasgi." The equation Plishti–Pelasgi is based solely on a supposedly phonetic similarity."〕 While the evidence for these connections is etymological and has been disputed,〔〔(The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age, Yasur-Landau ), p180, quote: "It seems, then, that the etymological evidence for the origin of the Philistines and other Sea Peoples can be defined as unfocused and ambiguous at best"〕 this identification is held by the majority of egyptologists and biblical archaeologists.〔 Archaeological research to date has been unable to corroborate a mass settlement of Philistines during the Ramesses III era.〔Israel Finkelstein, (Is The Philistine Paradigm Still Viable? ), in: Bietak, M., (Ed.), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B. C. III. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd Euro- Conference, Vienna, 28th of May–1st of June 2003, Denkschriften der Ge- samtakademie 37, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 9, Vienna 2007, pages 517–524. Quote: "SUMMARY Was there a Sea Peoples migration to the coast of the Levant? Yes. Was it a maritime migration? Possibly. Was there a massive maritime Sea Peoples invasion? Probably not. Did the Philistines settle en-mass in Philistia in the days of Ramesses III? No. Were the Iron I Philistine cities fortified? No. Were the Iron I Philistines organized in a peer-polity system? Probably not. Was there a Philistine Pentapolis system in the Iron I? No. Are the Iron I Philistines the Philistines described in the Bible? No."〕 ==Etymology== The etymology of the word into English is from Old French ''Philistin'', from Classical Latin ''Philistinus,'' found in the writings of Josephus, from Late Greek ''Philistinoi'' (''Phylistiim'' in the Septuagint) found in the writings by Philo, from Hebrew ''Plištim'', (e.g. ; ; ; ), "people of Plešt" ("Philistia"); cf. Akkadian ''Palastu'', Egyptian ''Parusata''. Biblical scholars often trace the word to the Semitic root ''p-l-š'' ((ヘブライ語:פלש)) which means "to divide," or "invader"〔.〕 The name of the Philistines in their own language is not known. However, the Bible also relates them as the people of Caphtor ((ヘブライ語:כפתור), e.g., ). "Caphtor" is not of Hebrew or Semitic origin, which supports the possibility that this word is similar to the name they called themselves. Another theory, proposed by Jacobsohn and supported by others, is that the name derives from the attested Illyrian locality ''Palaeste'', whose inhabitants would have been called ''Palaestīnī'' according to normal grammatical practice.〔.〕 Another historian suggests that the name Philistine is a corruption of the Greek "phyle histia" ("tribe of the hearth", with the Ionic spelling of "hestia").〔.〕 He goes on to suggest that they were responsible for introducing the fixed hearth to the Levant. This suggestion was raised before archaeological evidence for the use of the hearths was documented at Philistine sites. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philistines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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