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Philolaus
Philolaus (; ; c. 470 – c. 385 BCE〔"The most likely date for Philolaus' birth would then appear to be around 470, although he could have been born as early as 480 or as late as 440. He appears to have lived into the 380s and at the very least until 399." Carl A. Huffman, (1993) ''Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic'', pages 5-6. Cambridge University Press〕) was a Greek Pythagorean and Presocratic philosopher. He argued that at the foundation of everything is the part played by the limiting and limitless, which combine together in a harmony. He is also credited with originating the theory that the earth was not the center of the universe. According to August Böckh (1819), who cites Nicomachus, ''Philolaus'' was the successor of Pythagoras.
==Biography==
Philolaus is variously reported as being born in either Croton,〔Iamblichus, ''Vita Pythagorica'', p. 148〕 or Tarentum,〔Iamblichus, ''Vita Pythagorica'', p. 267; Diogenes Laërtius, viii, p. 46〕 or Metapontum〔Iamblichus, ''Vita Pythagorica'', pp. 266-67〕 — all part of Magna Graecia (the name of the coastal areas of Southern Italy on the Tarentine Gulf that were extensively colonized by Greek settlers). It is most likely that he came from Croton.〔Carl A. Huffman, (1993) ''Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic'', p. 6. Cambridge University Press〕 He may have fled the second burning of the Pythagorean meeting-place around 454 BCE,〔Not to be confused with the first burning of the meeting place, in the lifetime of Pythagoras, c. 509 BC〕 after which he migrated to Greece. According to Plato's ''Phaedo'', he was the instructor of Simmias and Cebes at Thebes, around the time the ''Phaedo'' takes place, in 399 BCE.〔Plato, ''Phaedo'', 61DE〕 This would make him a contemporary of Socrates, and agrees with the statement that Philolaus and Democritus were contemporaries.〔Apollodorus ap. Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 38〕
The various reports about his life are scattered among the writings of much later writers and are of dubious value in reconstructing his life. He apparently lived for some time at Heraclea, where he was the pupil of Aresas (maybe Oresas), or (as Plutarch calls him) Arcesus.〔Iamblichus, ''Vita Pythagorica''; comp. Plutarch, ''de Gen. Socr.'' 13, though the account given by Plutarch involves great inaccuracies〕 Diogenes Laërtius is the only authority for the claim that Plato, shortly after the death of Socrates, traveled to Italy where he met with Philolaus and Eurytus.〔Diogenes Laërtius, iii. 6〕 The pupils of Philolaus were said to have included Xenophilus, Phanto, Echecrates, Diocles and Polymnastus.〔Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 46〕 As to his death, Diogenes Laërtius reports a dubious story that Philolaus was put to death at Croton on account of being suspected of wanting to be the tyrant;〔"The story at D.L. 84 that Philolaus was killed because he was thought to be aiming at a tyranny is clearly a confusion with Dion who is mentioned in the context and did have such a death." Carl A. Huffman, (1993) ''Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic'', p. 6. Cambridge University Press〕 a story which Laërtius even took the trouble to put into verse.〔Diogenes Laërtius, iii. p. 84; cf. Suda, ''Philolaus''〕
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