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| latd = 34 |latm= 07 |latNS= N |longd= 35 |longm= 39 |longEW= E | common_languages = Phoenician, Punic | religion = Canaanite religion | leader1 = Ahiram | year_leader1 = c. 1000 BC | leader2 = Hiram I | year_leader2 = 969 BC – 936 BC | leader3 = Pygmalion of Tyre | year_leader3 = 820 BC – 774 BC | title_leader = Well-known kings of Phoenician cities | legislature = | stat_year1 = | last = | stat_area1 = | stat_year2 = | stat_area2 = | stat_year3 = | stat_area3 = | stat_year4 = | stat_area4 = | stat_year1 = 3200 BC | stat_pop1 = 200,000 | today = }} Phoenicia ( or ;〔Oxford English Dictionary〕 from the (ギリシア語:Φοινίκη), '; (アラビア語:فينيقية), ') was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent and centered on the coastline of modern Syria and Lebanon. All major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean, some colonies reaching the Western Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 3200 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. By their innovations in shipbuilding and seafaring, the Phoenicians were enabled to sail as far west as present-day Morocco and Spain carrying huge cargoes of goods for trade. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for the spread of their alphabets, from which almost all modern phonetic alphabets are derived. Although Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back Lebanon Cedars as early as the 3rd millennium BC, continuous contact only occurred in the Egyptian New Empire period. In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves ''Kenaani'' or ''Kinaani''.〔Note, some scholars have suggest that these references could relate not to the Canaanites, but to the Kenanites/Cainanites spoken of the Septuagint version of the Table of Nations〕 Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called ''χνα'' (Latinized: khna), a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix".〔Eusebius, ''Praeparatio Evangelica'', Book 1 chapter 10 section 10 ((translation 1 ) (translation 2 ))〕 ''Phoenicia'' is really a Classical Greek term used to refer to the region of the major Canaanite port towns, and does not correspond exactly to a cultural identity that would have been recognised by the Phoenicians themselves. The term in Greek means 'land of purple', a reference to the valuable murex-shell dye they exported.〔Barry Cunliffe, Europe Between the Oceans; 9000 BC-AD 1000, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 241.〕 It is uncertain to what extent the Phoenicians viewed themselves as a single ethnicity and nationality. Their civilization was organized in city-states, similar to ancient Greece.〔María Eugenia Aubet. ''The Phoenicians and the West: politics, lemons, colonies and trade''. p17. Cambridge University Press 2001〕 However, in terms of archaeology, language, life style and religion, there is little to set the Phoenicians apart as markedly different from other Semitic cultures of Canaan. As Canaanites, they were unique in their remarkable seafaring achievements. Each city-state was a politically independent unit. They could come into conflict and one city might be dominated by another city-state, although they would collaborate in leagues or alliances. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of Tyre seems to have been the southernmost. Sarepta (modern day Sarafand) between Sidon and Tyre is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Phoenician homeland. The Phoenicians were the first state-level society to make extensive use of alphabets. The Phoenician alphabet is generally held to be the ancestor of almost all modern alphabets. They spoke Phoenician, a Semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup, closely related to Hebrew.〔Glenn Markoe.''Phoenicians''. p108. University of California Press 2000〕〔Zellig Sabbettai Harris. ''A grammar of the Phoenician language''. p6. 1990〕 However, due to the very slight differences in language, and the insufficient records of the time, whether Phoenician formed a separate and united dialect, or was merely a superficially defined part of a broader language continuum, is unclear. Through their maritime trade, the Phoenicians spread the use of the alphabet to North Africa and Europe, where it was adopted by the Greeks, who later transmitted it to the Romans.〔Edward Clodd, ''Story of the Alphabet'' (Kessinger) 2003:192ff〕 In addition to their many inscriptions, the Phoenicians are believed to have left numerous other types of written sources, but most have not survived. ==Etymology== The name ''Phoenicians'', like Latin ''Poenī'' (adj. ''poenicus'', later ''pūnicus''), comes from Greek Φοίνικες (''Phoínikes''), attested since Homer and influenced by ''phoînix'' "Tyrian purple, crimson; murex" (itself from φοινός ''phoinós'' "blood red",〔Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged''. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1993.〕 of uncertain etymology; R. S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin of the ethnonym).〔R. S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 1583.〕 The oldest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean ''po-ni-ki-jo'', ''po-ni-ki'', ultimately borrowed from Ancient Egyptian ''fnḫw'' (''fenkhu'')〔Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet and Eric Gubel, ''Les Phéniciens : Aux origines du Liban'' (Paris: Gallimard, 1999), 18.〕 "Asiatics, Semites". The folk-etymological association of ''phoiniki'' with ''phoînix'' mirrors that in Akkadian which tied ''kinaḫni'', ''kinaḫḫi'' "Canaan; Phoenicia" to ''kinaḫḫu'' "red-dyed wool".〔Mireille Hadas-Lebel, ''Entre la Bible et l'Histoire : Le Peuple hébreu'' (Paris: Gallimard, 1997), 14.〕〔B. Landesberger has shown that ''kinaḫḫu'' should be read as ''qinaḫḫu'' and was borrowed from Sumerian ''qìn'' (compare Akk ''uqnû'', Ugarit ''iqnu'', Syrian ''qʿnâʿ(a)''/''qunʿ(a)'', and Gk ''kýanos'' 'dark blue').〕 The land was natively known as ''knʿn'' (cf. Eblaite ''ca-na-na-um'', ''ca-na-na''), remembered in the 6th century BC by Hecataeus under the Greek form ''Chna'', and its people as the ''knʿny'' (cf. Punic ''chanani'', Hebrew ''kanaʿani''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phoenicia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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