|
Phonetics (pronounced , from the (ギリシア語:φωνή), ''phōnē'', 'sound, voice') is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign.〔O'Grady (2005) p.15〕 It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs. The field of phonetics is a multilayered subject of linguistics that focuses on speech. In the case of oral languages there are three basic areas of study: *Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker. *Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener. *Auditory phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener. These areas are inter-connected through the common mechanism of sound, such as wavelength (pitch), amplitude, and harmonics. ==History== Phonetics was studied by 4th century BCE, and possibly as early as the 6th century BCE, in the Indian subcontinent, with (unicode:Pāṇini's) account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his treatise on Sanskrit. The major Indic alphabets today order their consonants according to (unicode:Pāṇini's) classification. Modern phonetics begins with attempts—such as those of Joshua Steele (in ''Prosodia Rationalis'', 1779) and Alexander Melville Bell (in ''Visible Speech'', 1867)—to introduce systems of precise notation for speech sounds.〔T.V.F. Brogan: (''English Versification, 1570–1980'' ). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. E394.〕〔(Alexander Melville Bell 1819-1905 ). University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.〕 The study of phonetics grew quickly in the late 19th century partly due to the invention of phonograph, which allowed the speech signal to be recorded. Phoneticians were able to replay the speech signal several times and apply acoustic filters to the signal. In doing so, one was able to more carefully deduce the acoustic nature of the speech signal. Using an Edison phonograph, Ludimar Hermann investigated the spectral properties of vowels and consonants. It was in these papers that the term ''formant'' was first introduced. Hermann also played vowel recordings made with the Edison phonograph at different speeds in order to test Willis', and Wheatstone's theories of vowel production. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phonetics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|