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Phonotactics (from Ancient Greek ''phōnḗ'' "voice, sound" and ''taktikós'' "having to do with arranging")〔, 〕 is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of ''phonotactical constraints''. Phonotactic constraints are highly language specific. For example, in Japanese, consonant clusters like do not occur. Similarly, the sounds and are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch, and were permitted in Old and Middle English. In contrast, in some Slavic languages /l/ and /r/ are used as vowels. Syllables have the following internal segmental structure: * Onset (optional) * Rime (obligatory, comprises nucleus and coda): * * Nucleus (obligatory) * * Coda (optional) Both onset and coda may be empty, forming a vowel-only syllable, or alternatively, the nucleus can be occupied by a syllabic consonant. Phonotactics is known to affect second language vocabulary acquisition. ==English phonotactics== The English syllable (and word) ''twelfths'' is divided into the onset , the nucleus , and the coda , and it can thus be described as CCVCCCC (C = consonant, V = vowel). On this basis it is possible to form rules for which representations of phoneme classes may fill the cluster. For instance, English allows at most three consonants in an onset, but among native words under standard accents (and excluding a few obscure learned words such as ''sphragistics''), phonemes in a three-consonantal onset are limited to the following scheme: : + stop + approximant: : * + + : * + + : * + + (not in most accents of American English) : * + + : * + + This constraint can be observed in the pronunciation of the word ''blue'': originally, the vowel of ''blue'' was identical to the vowel of ''cue'', approximately . In most dialects of English, shifted to . Theoretically, this would produce * *. The cluster , however, infringes the constraint for three-consonantal onsets in English. Therefore, the pronunciation has been reduced to by elision of the . Not all languages have this constraint: compare Spanish ''pliegue'' or French ''pluie'' . In English, there exist fourteen constraints on phonotactics: # All syllables have a nucleus # No geminates # No onset # No in the syllable coda # No affricates in complex onsets # The first consonant in a complex onset must be an obstruent # The second consonant in a complex onset must not be a voiced obstruent # If the first consonant in a complex onset is not an /s/, the second must be a liquid or a glide # Every subsequence contained within a sequence of consonants must obey all the relevant phonotactic rules (the substring principle) # No glides in codas # If there is a complex coda, the second consonant must not be , , or # If the second consonant in a complex coda is voiced, so is the first # Non-alveolar nasals must be homorganic with the next segment # Two obstruents in the same coda must share voicing 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phonotactics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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