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The Phonotrope is a technique to create animation in a 'live' environment using the confluence of the frame-rate of a live action camera and the revolutions of a constantly rotating disc, predominantly (but not exclusively) using a record-player. It is a contemporary reworking of the Zoetrope, one of several pre-film animation devices that produce the illusion of motion by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion. The crucial difference of the Phonotrope technique is that it is specifically an in-camera technique using the frame-rate of a live-action camera set to a high shutter speed in confluence with a constantly rotating disc to create the illusion of movement as opposed to the vertical slits in a Zoetrope or the flashes of a stroboscope to create the 'interruptions' needed to create the illusion of movement. As such it can only be seen through either the camera's viewfinder, a connected monitor or projector or viewed as footage after the event. From its inception the most commonly used methods of rotating the disc have been using a record-player however the technique of using the confluence of frame-rate and revolutions has been applied to a variety of spinning objects from bicycles〔(Tim Wheatley's Cyclotrope on Vimeo )〕〔(Katy Beveridge's Bicycle Animation on YouTube )〕 to pottery wheels.〔("Experimental Animation Meets Pottery" film commissioned by the Crafts Council by Jim Le Fevre )〕 Although the technique uses the live-action camera to 'parse' or interpret the animation it does not necessarily mean that it is solely a 'film' based process watched remotely on a screen as many iterations of it have formed the heart of installations〔(Q&A with Legs on the Temperley London Spring 2010 Zoetrope on glossyinc.com ),〕 and performance pieces.〔(Sculpture live at the Queen Elizabeth Hall )〕 ==Early examples== The Phonotropic technique appears to have been discovered independently at different times around the world with a variety of different creators only posting their efforts at later dates. Chuuu, a Japanese painter and VJ, posted his ''Guruguru Kun Turntable Animation'' (2005)〔("Turntable animation Guruguru Kun PV" on Vimeo )〕 in 2010. The artist and filmmaker Eric Dyer's ''"Copenhagen Cycles"'' (2006)〔("Copenhagen Cycles" by Eric Dyer on Vimeo )〕 posted on Vimeo in 2010. Jim Le Fevre's talk at the Victoria and Albert Museum (2007)〔("The Phonotrope (formerly the Phonographantasmascope)" by Jim Le Fevre on YouTube ),〕 posted on YouTube in 2008. DJ and VJ duo Sculpture's performance at the Elevator Gallery, London, July 18, 2008 part one〔(Sculpture Live at the Elevator Gallery, London, July 18th 2008 part one )〕 & part two.〔(Sculpture Live at the Elevator Gallery, London, July 18th 2008 part two )〕 Creative house Legs created a 12 foot high Phonotropic tower for the fashion house Temperley in 2009〔("Temperley of London Zoetrope" on Tomorrow Awards submissions )〕 Clemens Kogler created the film ''"Stuck In The Groove"''〔("Stuck in the Groove" by Clemens Kogler on Vimeo )〕 around 2010, an entirely live performance with all video effects performed using a video mixing desk mixing between two record decks. Film maker and food specialist Alexandre Dubosc created the film ''"Alimation"'' in 2011 using Phonotropic sculptures made almost entirely out of food.〔("Alimation" by Alexandre Dubosc on Vimeo )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phonotrope」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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