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Phronesis
''Phronesis'' (, ''phronēsis'') is a Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence, specifically the virtue of practical thought, which is a common topic of discussion in philosophy. In Aristotelian ethics, for example in the ''Nicomachean Ethics'', it is distinguished from other words for wisdom and intellectual virtues – such as episteme and techne. Because of its practical character, when it is not simply translated by words meaning wisdom or intelligence, it is often translated as "practical wisdom", and sometimes (more traditionally) as "prudence", from Latin ''prudentia''.
==Early thought==
Socrates is known to have considered ''phronēsis'' to be the same as being a virtuous person. By thinking with phronēsis, a person has virtue. Therefore, all virtuousness is a form of phronēsis.〔W. K. C. Guthrie - (A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 6, Aristotle: An Encounter (p.348) ) Cambridge University Press, 29 Mar 1990 (reprint, revised) ISBN 0521387604 (2015-04-25 )〕 In the mind of Socrates ''phronēsis'' equals virtue, they are the same thing. 〔T Engberg-Pedersen - (Aristotle's Theory of Moral Insight (p.236) ) Oxford University Press, 1983 (reprint) ISBN 0198246676 (2015-04-25 )〕
Being good, is to be an intelligent or reasonable person with intelligent and reasonable thoughts. ''Phronēsis'' allows a person to have moral or ethical strength. 〔CP. Long - (The Ethics of Ontology: A Structural Critique of the Carter and Reagan Years (p.123) ) SUNY Press, 1 Feb 2012 ISBN 0791484947 (2015-04-22 )〕
In Plato's Meno, Socrates explains how ''phronēsis'', a quality synonymous with ''moral understanding'', is the most important attribute to learn, although it cannot be taught and is instead gained through the development of the understanding of one's own self. 〔S Gallagher - (Hermeneutics and Education (''Self-understanding and phronēsis'' - p.197-99 ) SUNY Press, 1 Jan 1992 ISBN 0791411753 (2015-04-26 )〕
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