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Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales.〔Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Phrymaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)〕 It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in two centers of diversity, one in Australia, the other in western North America.〔W.R. (Bill) Barker, Guy L. Nesom, Paul M. Beardsley, and Naomi S. Fraga. 2012. "A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations". ''Phytoneuron'' 2012-39: 1–60. (See ''External links'' below).〕 Members of this family occur in diverse habitats, including deserts, river banks and mountains. Phrymaceae is a family of mostly herbs and a few subshrubs, bearing tubular, bilaterally symmetric flowers. They can be annuals or perennials.〔 Some of the Australian genera are aquatic or semiaquatic. One of these, ''Glossostigma'', is among the smallest of flowering plants, larger than the aquatic ''Lemna'' but similar in size to the terrestrial ''Lepuropetalon''. The smallest members of Phrymaceae are only a few centimeters long, while the largest are woody shrubs to 4 m tall. The floral structure of Phrymaceae is variable, to such an extent that a morphological assessment is difficult. Reproduction is also variable, being brought about by different mating systems which may be sexual or asexual, and may involve outcrossing, self-fertilization, or mixed mating. Some are pollinated by insects, others by hummingbirds. The most common fruit type in this family is a dehiscent capsule containing numerous seeds, but exceptions exist such as an achene, in ''Phryma leptostachya'', or a berry-like fruit in ''Leucocarpus''. About 16 species are in cultivation.〔Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).〕 They are known horticulturally as "Mimulus" and were formerly placed in that genus when it was defined broadly to include about 150 species. ''Mimulus'', as a Botanical name, rather than a Common name or horticultural name, represents a genus of only seven species. Most of its former species have been transferred to ''Diplacus'' or ''Erythranthe''.〔 Six of the horticultural species are of special importance. These are ''Diplacus aurantiacus, Diplacus puniceus, Erythranthe cardinalis, Erythranthe guttata, Erythranthe lutea,'' and ''Erythranthe cuprea''. Phrymaceae has recently become a model system for evolutionary studies.〔Carrie A. Wu, David B. Lowry, Arielle M. Cooley, Kevin M. Wright, Y.W. Lee, and John H. Willis. 2008. "Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies". ''Heredity'' 100(2):220-230. . (See ''External links'' below).〕 Within the order Lamiales, Phrymaceae is a member of an unnamed clade of five families.〔Bastian Schäferhoff, Andreas Fleischmann, Eberhard Fischer, Dick C. Albach, Thomas Borsch, Günther Heubl, and Kai F. Müller. 2010. "Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences". BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 10:352. (See ''External links'' below).〕 This clade has the topology of a phylogenetic grade and can therefore be represented as .〔Nancy F. Refulio-Rodriguez and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Phylogeny of Lamiidae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 101(2):287-299. 〕 Two of these families, Mazaceae and Rehmanniaceae are not part of the APG III system. They were not formally validated until 2011.〔James L. Reveal.2011. page 47. In: "Summary of recent systems of angiosperm classification". ''Kew Bulletin'' 66(1):5-48.〕 The composition of Phrymaceae and the delimitation of genera changed radically from 2002 to 2012 as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies.〔Paul M. Beardsley and Richard G. Olmstead. 2002. "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma''". ''American Journal of Botany'' 89(7):1093-1102. . (See ''External links'' below).〕〔Paul M. Beardsley, Steve E. Schoenig, Justen B. Whittall, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2004. "Patterns of evolution in western North American ''Mimulus'' (Phrymaceae)". ''American Journal of Botany'' 91(3):474-489. 〕〔Paul M. Beardsley and William R. Barker. 2005. "Patterns of evolution in Australian ''Mimulus'' and related genera (Phrymaceae ~ Scrophulariaceae): a molecular phylogeny using chloroplast and nuclear sequence data". ''Australian Systematic Botany'' 18(1):61-73. 〕 Previously, Phrymaceae had been monospecific with ''Phryma leptostachya'' as its only species. It was limited in geographic range to eastern North America and eastern China. ''Phryma'' had been previously placed by Cronquist in Verbenaceae. Research on phylogenetic relationships revealed that several genera, traditionally included in Scrophulariaceae, were actually more closely related to ''Phryma'' than to ''Scrophularia''.〔Bengt Oxelman, Per Kornhall, Richard G. Olmstead & Birgitta Bremer. 2005. "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceaea". ''Taxon'' 54(2): 411-425.〕 These genera became part of an expanded Phrymaceae. ''Mazus'' and ''Lancea'' were included in Phrymaceae for a short time before further studies indicated that they, along with Dodartia should be segregated as a new family, Mazaceae. As currently understood, Phrymaceae consists of about 210 species in 13 genera.〔 ''Erythranthe'' (111 species) and ''Diplacus'' (46 species) are much larger than the other genera. Phrymaceae is distributed nearly worldwide but with the majority of species in western North America (about 130 species) and Australia (about 30 species). Phrymaceae consists of four clades, all of which have strong statistical support in cladistic analyses of DNA sequences. No relationships among these four clades have been strongly supported by the bootstrap or posterior probability assessments of clade support in any of the datasets that have been produced so far. One of the four main clades consists of a single species, ''Phryma leptostachya''. Another consists of ''Mimulus'' sensu stricto (seven species) and six genera that have an Australian distribution. The other two clades have an American-Asian disjunct distribution.〔Jun Wen, Stephanie M. Ickert-Bond, Ze-Long Nie, and Rong Li. 2010. "Timing and modes of evolution of eastern Asian - North American biogeographic disjunctions in seed plants". In: Long, M., Gu, H. and Zhou, Z., Darwin's Heritage Today : Proceedings of the Darwin 2010 Beijing International Conference. Beijing: Higher Education Press, pp.252-269.〕 One of these includes the large genus ''Diplacus'', while the other of these includes the other large genus, ''Erythranthe''. Estimates of the number of species in Phrymaceae have varied widely because of a lack of clear differences between species in certain genera, especially ''Diplacus'' and ''Erythranthe''. When these two genera have been treated as segregates of ''Mimulus'', the number of species assigned to ''Mimulus'' sensu lato has ranged from about 90〔David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4.〕 to about 150.〔Eberhard Fischer. 2004. pages 401-405. In: "Scrophulariaceae" pages 333-432. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1〕 A 2008 paper indicates that the actual number of species is well over 150.〔 In 2012, a revision of Phrymaceae recognized 188 species in the family, but noted that 17 species from Australia and five from North America would be named and described in future publications. Ten of those unnamed species will be in ''Peplidium'', raising the number of species in that genus from four to 14.〔 == Genera == The following genera are from a taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae published in 2012.〔 In that conspectus, ''Eunanus'', ''Tricholoma'', and ''Berendtiella'' were not accepted as they are in some recent works. ''Eunanus'' is reduced to a section in ''Diplacus''. ''Tricholoma'' is subsumed within ''Glossostigma''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phrymaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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