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Phycology (from Greek , ''phykos'', "seaweed"; and , ''-logia'') is the scientific study of algae. Phycology or algology is a branch of life science and often is regarded as a subdiscipline of botany. Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true roots, stems or leaves. They do not flower. Many species are single-celled and microscopic (including phytoplankton and other microalgae); many others are multicellular to one degree or another, some of these growing to large size (for example, seaweeds such as kelp and ''Sargassum''). Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens. ==History of phycology== (詳細は"References to the algae in the Chinese classics" ) ''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 49: pp. 297–300〕 even cultivated certain varieties as food, the scientific study of algae began in the late 18th century with the description and naming of ''Fucus maximus'' (now ''Ecklonia maxima'') in 1757 by Pehr Osbeck. This was followed by the descriptive work of scholars such as Dawson Turner and Carl Adolph Agardh, but it wasn't until later in the 19th century that efforts were made by J.V. Lamouroux and William Henry Harvey to create significant groupings within the algae. Harvey has been called "the father of modern phycology"〔("About Phycology" ) Lance Armstrong Foundation〕 in part for his division of the algae into four major divisions based upon their pigmentation. It was in the late 19th and early 20th century, that phycology became a recognized field of its own. Men such as Friedrich Traugott Kützing continued the descriptive work. In Japan, beginning in 1889, K. Okamura not only provided detailed descriptions of Japanese coastal algae, he also provided comprehensive analysis of their distribution.〔Tokida, Jun and Hirose, Hiroyuki (1975) ''Advance of Phycology in Japan'' Junk, The Hague, Netherlands, (page 241 ), ISBN 90-6193-026-X〕 Although R. K. Greville published his ''Algae Britannicae'' as early as 1830, it was not until 1902 with the publication of ''A Catalogue of the British Marine Algae''〔Batters, Edward Arthur Lionel (1902) ''A catalogue of the British Marine Algae being a list of all the species of seaweeds known to occur on the shores of the British Islands, with the localities where they are found'' Newman, London, , published as a supplement to ''Journal of Botany, British and Foreign''〕 by Edward Arthur Lionel Batters that the systematic correlation of records, extensive distribution mapping and the development of identification keys began in earnest. As early as 1803 Jean Pierre Étienne Vaucher had published on the isogamy (sexual conjugation) in the algae, but it was in the early 20th century that reproduction and development began to be extensively studied. The 1935 and 1945 comprehensive volumes of Felix Eugen Fritsch consolidated what was then known about the morphology and reproduction of the algae. This was followed in the 1950s by the development of area checklists, led by Mary W. Parke with her 1931 ''Manx Algae'' and followed in 1953 by her "A preliminary check-list of British marine algae"〔Parke, Mary W. (1953) ("A preliminary check-list of British marine algae" ) ''Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom'' 32(2): pp. 497–520; revised and corrected through the (third revision of 1976 )〕 Although Lily Newton's 1931 ''Handbook''〔Newton, Lily (1931) ''A Handbook of the British Seaweeds'' British Museum, London〕 provided the first identification key for the algae of the British Isles, it wasn't until the 1960s that the development of such keys became routine. The 1980s with the new emphasis on ecology〔Walter, Heinrich and Breckle, Siegmar-Walter (1983) ''Ökologie der Erde: : Geo-Biosphäre: Band 1, Ökologische Grundlagen in globaler Sicht'' (''Ecology of the Earth: the geobiosphere: Volume 1, Ecological principles in a global perspective'') Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany, ISBN 3-437-20297-9; in German〕 saw increased study of algal communities, and the place of algae in larger plant communities, and provided an additional tool for explaining geographical variation.〔Stevenson, R. Jan; Bothwell, Max L. and Lowe, Rex L. (1996) ''Algal ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems'' Academic Press, San Diego, California, (page 23 ), ISBN 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phycology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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