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''Phyllanthus'' is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Phyllanthaceae. Estimates of the number species in this genus vary widely, from 750〔David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book.'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press.〕 to 1200. ''Phyllanthus'' has a remarkable diversity of growth forms including annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, climbers, floating aquatics, and pachycaulous succulents. Some have flattened leaflike stems called cladodes. It has a wide variety of floral morphologies and chromosome numbers and has one of the widest range of pollen types of any seed plant genus. Despite their variety, almost all ''Phyllanthus'' species express a specific type of growth called "phyllanthoid branching" in which the vertical stems bear deciduous, floriferous (flower-bearing), plagiotropic (horizontal or oblique) stems. The leaves on the main (vertical) axes are reduced to scales called "cataphylls", while leaves on the other axes develop normally. ''Phyllanthus'' is distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions on Earth. Leafflower is the common name for all ''Phyllanthus'' species. The circumscription of this genus has been a cause of much confusion and disagreement. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that ''Phyllanthus'' is paraphyletic over ''Reverchonia'', ''Glochidion'', ''Sauropus'', and ''Breynia.'' A recent revision of the family Phyllanthaceae has subsumed all four of these genera into ''Phyllanthus''. This enlarged version of ''Phyllanthus'' might eventually be divided into smaller genera, but much more research will be needed before anyone knows how to do this. Progress continues to be made in this area.〔Kanchana Pruesapan, Ian R.H. Telford, Jeremy J. Bruhl, Stefano G.A. Draisma, and Peter C. Van Welzen. 2008. "Delimitation of ''Sauropus'' (Phyllanthaceae) Based on Plastid matK and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS DNA Sequence Data." ''Annals of Botany'' 102(6):1007-1018. (see ''External links'' below)〕 Also see Taxonomy of the Phyllanthaceae and Phyllanthaceae. ==Selected species== * ''Phyllanthus abnormis'' Baill. * ''Phyllanthus acidus'' (L.) Skeels - Otaheite gooseberry * ''Phyllanthus acuminatus'' Vahl - Jamaican gooseberry tree * ''Phyllanthus amarus'' Schumacher * ''Phyllanthus angustifolius'' (Sw.) Sw. * ''Phyllanthus arbuscula'' (Sw.) J.F.Gmel. * ''Phyllanthus atropurpureus'' Bojer * ''Phyllanthus brasiliensis'' (Aubl.) Poir. * ''Phyllanthus caesiifolius'' Petra Hoffm. & Cheek * ''Phyllanthus caroliniensis'' Walt. - native to the Americas * ''Phyllanthus cochinchinensis'' (Lour.) Spreng. * ''Phyllanthus cuneifolius'' (Britt.) Croizat * ''Phyllanthus debilis'' Klein ex Willd. * ''Phyllanthus emblica'' L. - Indian gooseberry, also known as amla or amalaki. * ''Phyllanthus engleri'' Pax * ''Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus'' L. * ''Phyllanthus ericoides'' Torr. * ''Phyllanthus fluitans'' - red root floater, sometimes sold in aquarium shops * ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster * ''Phyllanthus gentryi'' Webster * ''Phyllanthus grandifolius'' L. * ''Phyllanthus haughtii'' Croizat * ''Phyllanthus hakgalensis'' * ''Phyllanthus juglandifolius'' Willd. * ''Phyllanthus lacunarius'' F.Muell. * ''Phyllanthus liebmannianus'' Muell.-Arg. * ''Phyllanthus maderaspatensis'' L. * ''Phyllanthus microcladus'' Muell.-Arg. * ''Phyllanthus mirabilis'' Müll.Arg. - the only succulent species of this genus * ''Phyllanthus myrtifolius'' - Wight. Muell. Arg. * ''Phyllanthus muellerianus'' (Kuntze) Exell * ''Phyllanthus niruri'' L. - Chanca piedra (Also includes ''P. amarus'' and ''P. debilis'') * ''Phyllanthus parvifolius'' Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don * ''Phyllanthus piscatorum'' Kunth * ''Phyllanthus pentaphyllus'' C. Wright ex Griseb. * ''Phyllanthus polygonoides'' Nutt. ex Spreng. * ''Phyllanthus polyspermus'' Shumach. & Thonn. - often misidentified as ''P. reticulatus''〔 * ''Phyllanthus profusus'' N.E.Br. * ''Phyllanthus pseudocanami'' Müll.Arg. * ''Phyllanthus pudens'' L.C. Wheeler * ''Phyllanthus pulcher'' Wallich ex Muell.-Arg. * ''Phyllanthus reticulatus'' Poir. - similar in appearance to ''P. polyspermus''〔Luo, S.X., H.-J. Esser, D. Zhang, and S. S. Renner. 2011. Nuclear ITS sequences help disentangle ''Phyllanthus reticulatus'' (Phyllanthaceae), an Asian species not occurring in Africa, but introduced to Jamaica. Systematic Botany 36(1): 99-104.〕 * ''Phyllanthus saffordii'' Merr. * ''Phyllanthus salviifolius'' Kunth * ''Phyllanthus sepialis'' Müll.Arg. * ''Phyllanthus stipulatus'' (Raf.) G.L. Webster * ''Phyllanthus tenellus'' Roxb. * ''Phyllanthus urinaria'' L. - chamberbitter * ''Phyllanthus virgatus'' G.Forst. * ''Phyllanthus watsonii'' A. Shaw For full list, see List of Phyllanthus species. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phyllanthus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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