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The ''International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature'', known as the ''PhyloCode'' for short, is a developing draft for a formal set of rules governing phylogenetic nomenclature. Its current version is specifically designed to regulate the naming of clades, leaving the governance of species names up to the rank-based Nomenclature codes ('' ICN'', ''ICZN'', '' ICNB'', ICTV). The ''PhyloCode'' is associated with the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ISPN).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (website) )〕 The ''PhyloCode'' proposes to regulate phylogenetic nomenclature by providing rules for how to decide which associations of names and definitions will be considered established,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Chapter II. Publication )〕 which of those will be considered homonyms〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 13: Homonymy )〕 or synonyms,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature Version 4b, Article 14: Synonymy )〕 and which one of a set of synonyms or homonyms will be considered accepted (generally the one registered first; see below). The ''PhyloCode'' will only allow the naming of clades,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Rule 1.1 )〕 not of paraphyletic or polyphyletic groups, and will only allow the use of specimens, species, and apomorphies as specifiers (anchors).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses )〕 ==Phylogenetic nomenclature== (詳細はnomenclatural codes (''ICN'', ''ICZN'', ''ICNB''), the ''PhyloCode'' does not require the use of ranks, although it does optionally allow their use.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank )〕〔Although note that the ''PhyloCode'' does not permit a taxon's name to change when its rank changes, while the rank-based codes require this for at least some names.〕 The rank-based codes define taxa using a rank (such as genus, family, etc.) and, in many cases, a type specimen or type subtaxon. The exact content of a taxon, other than the type, is not specified by the rank-based codes. In contrast, under phylogenetic nomenclature, the content of taxa are delimited using a definition that is based on phylogeny (i.e., ancestry and descent) and uses specifiers (e.g., species, specimens, apomorphies) to indicate actual organisms. The formula of the definition indicates an ancestor. The defined taxon, then, is that ancestor and all of its descendants. Thus, the content of a phylogenetically defined taxon relies on a phylogenetic hypothesis. The following are examples of types of phylogenetic definition (capital letters indicate specifiers):〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Article 9. General Requirements for Establishment of Clade Names )〕 * Node-based: "the clade originating with the most recent common ancestor of A and B" or "the least inclusive clade containing A and B" * Branch-based: "the clade consisting of A and all organisms or species that share a more recent common ancestor with A than with Z" or "the most inclusive clade containing A but not Z." Another term for definitions of this sort is stem-based. * Apomorphy-based: "the clade originating with the first organism or species to possess apomorphy M inherited by A". Other types of definition are possible as well, taking into account not only organisms' phylogenetic relations and apomorphies but also whether or not related organisms are extant. The following table gives examples of phylogenetic definitions of clades that also have ranks in traditional nomenclature. When all the specifiers in a node-based definition are extant specimens or species, as in the following definition of Mammalia, a crown group is defined. (The traditional definition of Mammalia is less restrictive, including some fossil groups outside of the crown group.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「PhyloCode」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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