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''Picatrix'' is the name used today, and historically in Christian Europe, for a 400-page book of occult magic and astrology originally written in Arabic under the title غاية الحكيم ''Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm'', which most scholars assume was originally written in the middle of the 11th century,〔e.g Dozy, Holmyard, Samsó, and Pingree; David Pingree, 'Some of the Sources of the Ghāyat al-hakīm', in'' Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'', Vol. 43, (1980), p. 2; Willy Hartner, 'Notes On Picatrix', in ''Isis'', Vol. 56, No. 4, (Winter, 1965), pp. 438〕 though a supported argument for composition in the first half of the 10th century has been made.〔Maribel Fierro, "Bāṭinism in Al-Andalus. Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī (died 353/964), Author of the 'Rutbat al- Ḥakīm' and the 'Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm (Picatrix)'" in: ''Studia Islamica'', No. 84, (1996), pp. 87–112.〕 The Arabic title translates as ''The Aim of the Sage'' or ''The Goal of The Wise''.〔However the Arabic translated as "goal" (''ghaya'', pl. ''ghayat'') also suggests the sense of "utmost limit" or "boundary".〕 The Arabic work was translated into Spanish and then into Latin during the 13th century, at which time it got the Latin title ''Picatrix''. The book's title ''Picatrix'' is also sometimes used to refer to the book's author. ''Picatrix'' is a composite work that synthesizes older works on magic and astrology. One of the most influential interpretations suggests it is to be regarded as a "handbook of talismanic magic".〔Frances Yates, ''Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition'', Chicago, 1964; Frances Yates, ''The Art of Memory'', Chicago, 1966〕 Another researcher summarizes it as "the most thorough exposition of celestial magic in Arabic", indicating the sources for the work as "Arabic texts on Hermeticism, Sabianism, Ismailism, astrology, alchemy and magic produced in the Near East in the ninth and tenth centuries A.D."〔David Pingree, 'Some of the Sources of the Ghāyat al-hakīm', in'' Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'', Vol. 43, (1980), pp. 1–15〕 According to Eugenio Garin "In reality the Latin version of the ''Picatrix'' is as indispensable as the ''Corpus Hermeticum'' or the writings of Albumasar for understanding a conspicuous part of the production of the Renaissance, including the figurative arts."〔Eugenio Garin, ''Astrology in the Renaissance: The Zodiac of Life'', Routledge, 1983, p. 47〕 It has significantly influenced West European esotericism from Marsilio Ficino in the 15th century, to Thomas Campanella in the 17th century. The manuscript in the British Library passed through several hands: Simon Forman, Richard Napier, Elias Ashmole and William Lilly. According to the prologue of the Latin translation, ''Picatrix'' was translated into Spanish from the Arabic by order of Alphonso X of Castile at some time between 1256 and 1258.〔David Pingree, 'Between the Ghāya and Picatrix. I: The Spanish Version', in ''Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes'', Vol. 44, (1981), p. 27〕 The Latin version was produced sometime later, based on translation of the Spanish manuscripts. It has been attributed to Maslama ibn Ahmad al-Majriti (an Andalusian mathematician), but many have called this attribution into question. Consequently, the author is sometimes indicated as "Pseudo-Majriti". The Spanish and Latin versions were the only ones known to Western scholars until Wilhelm Printz discovered an Arabic version in or around 1920.〔Willy Hartner, 'Notes On Picatrix', in ''Isis'', Vol. 56, No. 4, (Winter, 1965), pp. 438–440; the Arabic text was published for the first time by the Warburg Library in 1927.〕 ==Content and sources== The work is divided into four books, which exhibit a marked absence of systematic exposition. Jean Seznec observed "''Picatrix'' prescribes propitious times and places and the attitude and gestures of the suppliant; he also indicates what terms must be used in petitioning the stars." As an example, Seznec then reproduces a prayer to Saturn from the work, noting that Fritz Saxl has pointed out that this invocation exhibits "the accent and even the very terms of a Greek astrological prayer to Kronos. This is one indication that the sources of ''Picatrix'' are in large part Hellenistic.":
According to Garin:
According to the Prologue, the author researched over two hundred works in the creation of ''Picatrix''. 〔Later in the text, the author specifies two hundred fifty works. Bakhouche, ''Picatrix'', p 37, 200〕 However, there are three significant Near/Middle Eastern influences: Jābir ibn Hayyān, the ''Ikhwan al-Safa'', and a text called ''Nabataean Agriculture''. The influence of Jabir Ibn Hayyan comes in the form of a cosmological background that removes magical practices from the context of diabolical influences and reasserts these practices as having a divine origin. The author of ''Picatrix'' utilizes Neoplatonic theories of hypostasis that mirror the work of Jabir.〔Pingree, David (Ed.) ''The Latin Version of the Ghayat al-hakim'', Studies of the (Warburg Institute ), University of London. 1986. p. 3; see also, Bakhouche, ''Picatrix'', pp. 32–33〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Picatrix」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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