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Pickaninny
Pickaninny (also picaninny or piccaninny or pickinniny) is a term in English which refers to dark-skinned children usually of African descent or a racial caricature thereof. It is a pidgin word form, which may be derived from the Portuguese ''pequenino'' (an affectionate term derived from ''pequeno'', "little"). The term pickaninny has also been used in the past to describe Aboriginal Australians.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=National Museum of Australia - 'Last of the Tribe' )〕 According to the scholar Robin Bernstein, who describes the meaning in the context of the United States, the pickaninny is characterized by three qualities: "the figure is always juvenile, always of color, and always resistant if not immune to pain". At one time the word may have been used as a term of endearment, but it is now considered derogatory or racist.
==Usage==
Although the Oxford English Dictionary quotes an example from 1653 of the word "pickaninny" used to describe a child, it may also have been used in early African American vernacular to indicate anything small, not necessarily a child. In a column in ''The Times'' of 1788, allegedly reporting a legal case in Philadelphia, a slave is charged with dishonestly handling goods he knows to be stolen and which he describes as insignificant, "only a piccaninny cork-screw and piccaninny knife — one cost six-pence and tudda a shilling..." The anecdote goes on to make an anti-slavery moral however, when the black person challenges the whites for dishonestly handling stolen goods too - namely slaves - so it is perhaps more likely to be an invention than factual. The deliberate use of the word in this context however suggests it already had black vernacular associations.〔"Black and White, A Modern Anecdote", ''The Times'', 22 August 1788; Issue 1148; p.4; col B.〕 In 1826 an Englishman named Thomas Young was tried at the Old Bailey in London on a charge of enslaving and selling four Gabonese women known as "Nura, Piccaninni, Jumbo Jack and Prince Quarben".〔''The Times'', 25 October 1826; Issue 13100; p.3; col A, Admiralty Sessions, Old Bailey, Oct. 24.〕
In the Southern United States, ''pickaninny'' was long used to refer to the children of African slaves or (later) of dark-skinned African American citizens. While this use of the term was popularized in reference to the character of Topsy in the 1852 book ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'', the term was used as early as 1831 in an anti-slavery tract "The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave, related by herself" published in Edinburgh, Scotland. The term was still in some use in the United States as late as the 1960s.
In the Patois dialect of Jamaica, the word has been shortened to the form "pickney" which is used to describe a child regardless of racial origin.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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