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A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. While it is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been sliced, there are variations on the way it can be presented. The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's ''Statistical Breviary'' of 1801.〔Spence (2005)〕〔Tufte, p. 44〕 Pie charts are very widely used in the business world and the mass media.〔Cleveland, p. 262〕 However, they have been criticized,〔Wilkinson, p. 23.〕 and many experts recommend avoiding them,〔Tufte, p. 178.〕〔van Belle, p. 160–162.〕〔Stephen Few. ("Save the Pies for Dessert" ), August 2007, Retrieved 2010-02-02〕〔Steve Fenton ("Pie Charts Are Bad" )〕 pointing out that research has shown it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across different pie charts. Pie charts can be replaced in most cases by other plots such as the bar chart, box plot or dot plots. ==History== The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's ''Statistical Breviary'' of 1801, in which two such graphs are used.〔Spence (2005)〕〔〔http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/index.php?group=1800%2B&mid=ms89〕 Playfair presented an illustration, which contained a series of pie charts. One of those charts depicting the proportions of the Turkish Empire located in Asia, Europe and Africa before 1789. This invention was not widely used at first;〔Spence (2005)〕 The French engineer Charles Joseph Minard was one of the first to use pie charts in 1858, in particular in maps. Minard's map, 1858 used pie charts to represent the cattle sent from all around France for consumption in Paris (1858). Playfair thought that pie charts were in need of a third dimension to add additional information.〔Palsky, p. 144–145〕 It has been said that Florence Nightingale invented it, though in fact she just popularised it and she was later assumed to have created it due to the obscurity of Playfair's creation.〔(Dave article on this information on QI )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pie chart」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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