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''Pied-Noir'' ((:pjenwaʁ), ''Black-Foot''), plural ''Pieds-Noirs'', is a term referring to people of French and other European (usually Spanish, Italian, Portuguese or Maltese) ancestry who were born or lived in French North Africa, namely French Algeria, the French protectorate in Morocco, or the French protectorate of Tunisia, often for generations, until the end of French rule in North Africa between 1956 and 1962. The term usually includes the North African Jews, who had been living there for many centuries but were awarded French citizenship by the 1870 Cremieux decree. More specifically, the term ''Pieds-Noirs'' is used for those European-descendent citizens who "returned" to mainland France as soon as Algeria gained independence, or in the months following.〔〔 The Europeans arrived in Algeria as immigrants from all over the western Mediterranean (particularly France, Spain, Italy and Malta), starting in 1830. The term is sometimes also used to include the indigenous Jewish population, who settled in the Maghreb long before 1830, but many of whom likewise emigrated after 1962. From the French invasion on 18 June 1830 until its independence, Algeria was administratively part of France (French departments in 1848) and its European population was simply called Algerians or ''colons'' (colonists), whereas the Muslim people of Algeria were called Arabs, Muslims or Indigenous. The term ''Pieds-Noirs'' began to be used commonly shortly before the end of the Algerian independence war in 1962. As of the last census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians (mostly Catholic) in Algeria (10 percent of the total population including 130,000 Algerian Jews). During the Algerian War the ''Pieds-Noirs'' overwhelmingly supported colonial French rule in Algeria and were opposed to Algerian nationalist groups such as the Front de libération nationale (FLN) and Mouvement national algérien (MNA). The roots of the conflict reside in political and economic inequalities perceived as an "alienation" from the French rule as well as a demand for a leading position for the Berber, Arab, and Islamic cultures and rules existing before the French conquest. The conflict contributed to the fall of the French Fourth Republic and the mass exodus of Algerian Europeans and Jews to France.〔〔 After Algeria became independent in 1962, about 800,000 ''Pieds-Noirs'' of French nationality were evacuated to mainland France while about 200,000 chose to remain in Algeria. Of the latter, there were still about 100,000 in 1965 and about 50,000 by the end of the 1960s.〔("Pieds-noirs": ceux qui ont choisi de rester ), La Dépêche du Midi, March 2012〕 Those who moved to France suffered ostracism from the Left for their perceived exploitation of native Muslims and some blamed them for the war, thus the political turmoil surrounding the collapse of the French Fourth Republic.〔 In popular culture, the community is often represented as feeling removed from French culture while longing for Algeria.〔〔 Thus, the recent history of the ''pieds-noirs'' has been imprinted with a theme of double alienation from both their native homeland and their adopted land. Though the term ''rapatriés d'Algérie'' implies that they once lived in France, most ''pieds-noirs'' were born in Algeria. Many families had lived there for generations, and the Algerian Jews, who were considered ''pieds-noirs'', were as indigenous to Algeria as its Muslim population. ==Origin of the term== The actual origin of the term ''Pied-noir'' is unknown and therefore debated. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it refers to "a person of European origin living in Algeria during the period of French rule, especially a French person expatriated after Algeria was granted independence in 1962." The ''Le Robert'' dictionary states that in 1901 the word indicated a sailor working barefoot in the coal room of a ship, who would find his feet dirtied by the soot and dust. In the Mediterranean, this was often an Algerian native, thus the term was used pejoratively for Algerians until 1955 when it first began referring to "French born in Algeria."〔 This usage originated from mainland French as a negative nickname.〔 There is also a theory that the term comes from the black boots of French soldiers compared to the barefoot Algerians.〔(pieds-noirs (histoire) )〕 Other theories focus on new settlers dirtying their clothing by working in swampy areas, wearing black boots when on horseback, or trampling grapes to make wine.〔(Francparler.com. Origine de l'expression "pieds-noirs". )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pied-Noir」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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