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Piezotronics
Piezotronics effect is using the piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) created in materials with piezoelectricity as a “gate” voltage to tune/control the charge carrier transport properties for fabricating new devices. Neil A Downie showed how simple it was to build simple demonstrations on a macro-scale using a sandwich of piezoelectric material and carbon piezoresistive material to make an FET-like amplifying device and put it in a book of science projects for students in 2006. The fundamental principle of piezotronics was introduced by Prof. Zhong Lin Wang at Georgia Institute of Technology in 2007 .〔() Zhong Lin Wang, “Nanopiezotronics”, Advanced Materials, 2007, 19, 889-892.〕
A series of electronic devices have been demonstrated based on this effect, including piezopotential gated field-effect transistor,〔() Xudong Wang, Jun Zhou, Jinhui Song, Jin Liu, Ningsheng Xu, and Zhong Lin Wang, “Piezoelectric Field Effect Transistor and Nanoforce Sensor Based on a Single ZnO Nanowire”, Nano Letters, 2006, 6, 2768-2772.〕 piezopotential gated diode,〔() Jr-Hau He, Cheng-Lun Hsin, Jin Liu, Lih-Juann Chen and Zhong Lin Wang, “Piezoelectric Gated Diode of a Single ZnO Nanowire”, Advanced Materials, 2007, 19, 781-784.〕 strain sensors,〔() Jun Zhou, Yudong Gu, Peng Fei, Wenjie Mai, Yifan Gao, Rusen Yang, Gang Bao and Zhong Lin Wang, “Flexible Piezotronic Strain Sensor”, Nano Letters, 2008, 8, 3035-3040.〕 force/flow sensors,〔() Peng Fei, Ping-Hung Yeh, Jun Zhou, Sheng Xu,Yifan Gao, Jinhui Song, Yudong Gu,Yanyi Huang and Zhong Lin Wang, “Piezoelectric Potential Gated Field-Effect Transistor Based on a Free-Standing ZnO Wire”, Nano Letters, 2009, 9, 3435-3439.〕 hybrid field-effect transistor,〔() Weihua Liu, Minbaek Lee, Lei Ding, Jie Liu, and Zhong Lin Wang, “Piezopotential Gated Nanowire-Nanotube Hybrid Field-Effect Transistor”, Nano Letters, 2010, 10, 3084-3089.〕 piezotronic logic gates,〔() Wenzhuo Wu, Yaguang Wei, Zhong Lin Wang, “Strain-Gated Piezotronic Logic Nanodevices”, Advanced materials, 2010, 22, 4711-4715.〕 electromechanical memories,〔() Wenzhuo Wu and Zhong Lin Wang, “Piezotronic Nanowire-Based Resistive Switches As Programmable Electromechanical Memories”, Nano Letters, 2011, 11, 2779–2785.〕 etc. Piezotronic devices are regarded as a new semiconductor-device category. Piezotronics is likely to have important applications in sensor, human-silicon technology interfacing, MEMS, nanorobotics and active flexible electronics.
==Mechanism==
Due to the non-central symmetry in materials such as the wurtzite structured ZnO, GaN and InN, a piezopotential is created in the crystal by applying a stress. Owing to the simultaneous possession of piezoelectricity and semiconductor properties, the piezopotential created in the crystal has a strong effect on the carrier transport process. Generally, the construction of the basic piezotronic devices can be divided into two categories. Here we use the nanowires as the example. The first kind is that the piezoelectric nanowire was put on a flexible substrate with two ends fixed by the electrodes. In this case, when the substrate is bended, the nanowire will be purely stretched or compressed. Piezopotential will be introduced along its axis. It will modify the electric field or the Schottky barrier (SB) height at the contact area. The induced positive piezopotential at one end will reduce the SB height, while the negative piezopotential at the other end will increase it. Thus the electric transport properties will be changed. The second kind of the piezotronic device is that one end of the nanowire is fixed with electrode, while the other end is free. In this case, when a force is applied at the free end of the nanowire to bend it, the piezopotential distribution will be perpendicular to the axis of the nanowire. The introduced piezoelectric field is perpendicular to electron transport direction, just like applying a gate voltage in the traditional field-effect transistor. Thus the electron transport properties will also be changed.
The materials for piezotronics should be piezoelectric semiconductors,〔() Zhong Lin Wang “Piezopotential Gated Nanowire Devices: Piezotronics and Piezo-phototronics”, Nano Today, 5 (2010) 540-552.〕 such as ZnO, GaN and InN. Three-way coupling among piezoelectricity, photoexcitation and semiconductor is the basis of piezotronics (piezoelectricity-semiconductor coupling), piezophotonics (piezoelectric-photon excitation coupling), optoelectronics, and piezophototronics (piezoelectricity-semiconductor-photoexcitation). The core of these coupling relies on the piezopotential created by the piezoelectric materials.〔() Zhong Lin Wang “Piezopotential Gated Nanowire Devices: Piezotronics and Piezo-phototronics”, Nano Today, 5 (2010) 540-552.〕
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