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Pimicikamak
Pimicikamak is the name〔the Anglicized version of its collective name.〕 of one of the Cree-speaking aboriginal peoples of Canada.〔It is also referred to erroneously as Pimicikamak Cree Nation.〕 Pimicikamak is "a people of rivers and lakes. The traditional territory of Pimicikamak is around Sipiwesk Lake in the heart of the boreal forest, five hundred kilometres north of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Flowing through their land is Kichi Sipi, the Great River."〔John Miswagon, "A Government of our Own", Frontier Centre for Public Policy, 21 April 2005, http://www.fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=1043, accessed 24 September 2008.〕 Pimicikamak's traditional territory also is known as Pimicikamak.〔Used in this sense it connotes the rocks, trees, animals, water, humans, etc. as distinct from a purely geographic meaning.〕
Pimicikamak is related to but appears to be culturally and linguistically distinct from neighboring Swampy Cree and Rock or Rocky Cree peoples of the boreal forest.〔About whom see: James G.E. Smith, "Western Woods Cree" in ''Handbook of North American Indians'', vol. 6, June Helm, ed., Smithsonian Institution, Washington (1981), p. 256: "Western Woods Cree ... encompasses ... the Rocky Cree, the Western Swampy Cree, and Strongwoods or Bois Fort Cree."〕 There is less than complete consensus about these and other such anthropological definitions that may have been confused by changing fashions in colonial naming.〔For example, James Smith, in ''Handbook of North American Indians'', says "()t was apparent merely that the name Cree that was (the late 18th century ) extended westward to apply to these divisions, previously known by generic terms...".〕 The existence of distinct peoples in Canada, though constitutionally entrenched,〔See: ''Constitution Act, 1982'', s. 35, Schedule B to the Canada Act, 1982 (U.K.) c. 11.〕 is controversial by reason of perceived implications for Quebec separatism.〔See, e.g.: Lucien Bouchard, ''A Visage Découvert'', Lés Editions du Boréal, Montréal (1992); and see: ''Reference Re Quebec Secession'', () 2 S.C.R. 217 (Can.).〕 The identities and roles of aboriginal peoples in Canada continue to be clarified.〔John Borrows, "Uncertain Citizens: Aboriginal Peoples and the Supreme Court", (2001) 80 Can. Bar Rev., 15.〕
== Names ==
Etymologically, ''pimicikamāk'' and related terms were understood as connoting "flowing across".〔Archives of Manitoba/Hudson's Bay Company Archives, Post Histories, Post Cross Lake; the Post History is annotated "Cree name: PEMICHIKAMOW – 'flowing across'", possibly by the first Hudson's Bay Company archivist Richard Leveson Gower in 1934; see also D.A. Simmons, ‘Custodians of a Great Inheritance: An Account of the Making of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives, 1920–1974’, thesis, University of Manitoba/University of Winnipeg, 19 May 1994, at p. 73.〕 This is widely presumed to be the origin of the name of Cross Lake in Pimicikamak territory.〔Note that there was another Cross Lake, now flooded, that was upstream of Grand Rapids, Manitoba, on the Saskatchewan River.〕 "Pimicikamak" is the collective singular name for the whole people〔The singular noun is Pimicikamowinew; its plural is Pimicikamowinewuk.〕 and also the collective name for its traditional territory. Grouped as part of the closely related Rocky Cree, Pimicikamak refer to themselves as Nahathaway (''nīhithawī'')〔"()heir native name", see ''David Thompson: Travels in Western North America 1784-1812''.〕 (those who speak our language) or ''ithiniwi'' (real people); they called themselves "Cree" only when speaking English or French.〔David Pentland, "Synonymy", in ''Handbook of North American Indians'', vol. 6, June Helm, ed., Smithsonian Institution, Washington (1981), 227.〕 Canada's history of suppressing indigenous languages, including aboriginal peoples' use of their own names such as "Pimicikamak", was controversial until 2008, when Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper publicly acknowledged and apologized for this policy.〔Hansard, Wednesday, June 11, 2008, Stephen Harper, "Apology to Former Students of Indian Residential Schools", http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=3568890&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Ses=2, accessed 1 August 2008.〕 The name "Pimicikamak" appears to have entered into English-language usage by Cree-speakers in the 1990s. "The Pimicikamak Cree Nation" is a polyglot and imprecise description of Pimicikamak, not a name. It is also known in English as "the Cross Lake Band", a description that may be confused with the Cross Lake Band of Indians (now known as the "Cross Lake First Nation").〔See, for example: "Cross Lake Band", http://crosslakeband.ca/, accessed 4 September 2008.〕
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