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Pistiros (Ancient Greek,''Πίστιρος'') was an inland Ancient Greek Emporium〔Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece by Roger Brock and Stephen Hodkinson,ISBN 978-0-19-815220-0,2001,Front Matter: "... is director of the British team at the excavations at Vetren-Pistiros, an emporium in inland Thrace. ...""〕 in Ancient Thrace. It is now situated near the city of Vetren,〔Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece by Roger Brock and Stephen Hodkinson,ISBN 978-0-19-815220-0,2001,page 216,"Pistiros in the central (Thracian) plain north-west of Pazardjik"〕 in the westernmost part of the Maritsa river valley, and is located at 42°14'36.78"N 24°5'28.55"E. Emporion Pistiros, a name taken from the ancient Greek inscription discovered in 1990, was founded by Thasian merchants or colonists from the Pistyros on the coast of Thrace.〔An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 895,"The emporion of Pistiros was a was an inland trading station originally founded by merchants coming from the polis of Pistiros a dependency of Thasos situated on the Thracian coast""〕 It sustained intensive relations with the main economical centers in Aegean Thrace. Pistiros was founded in the 3rd quarter of the 5th century BC.〔Archeologia: Rocznik Państwowego Muzeum Archeologicznego w Warszawie i Polskiego Towarzystwa Archeologicznego,Tomes 51–52,2001,page 7,"The city walls and urban planning of the emporion Pistiros date to the first phase of the city, which was founded in the 3rd quarter of the 5th cent. BC"〕 This would place her founding during the reign of the first kings of the Odrysian kingdom, Teres I, Sparatocos or Sitalkes. Under Amadocus I the emporion already existed and maintained wide trade contacts. Under Cotys I (384 BC–359 BC) and his successors, the Thasian, Apollonian, and Maroneian traders obtained guarantees, included in the ''Vetren inscription'', concerning the integrity of their life, property and activity. This status coincided with the period of zenith for Pistiros. The excavations uncovered the East fortification wall with a gate, towers, and a bastion, built of stone blocks on the model of Thasian fortification systems, as well as stone-paved streets, buildings with stone bases, and a well-constructed sewer system. The archaeological excavations outlined the following phases of the site: *I phase (second half of the 5th century BC – end of the first quarter of the 4th century BC): foundation of the emporion, building of the fortification system, pavement of the first streets, building of the drainage system. *II phase (second quarter – end of the 4th century BC): reconstruction in the site’s plan, connected with the reign of King Cotys I, heyday of Pistiros, regulations concerning the statute of Pistiros and its emporitai (Ancient Greek,"''Εμπορίται''")〔An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 895"〕 in the Vetren inscription. *III phase (3rd century BC – beginning of the 2nd century BC): burning down and destruction of Pistiros by the Celts〔Pistiros I: excavations and studies: (result of the excavations conducted in Vetren-Pistiros in the collaboration of Bulgarian, Czech and British teams ), ISBN 80-7184-182-X,1996,page 9, "which was probably destroyed by the Celts in the seventies of the 3rd"〕 in the late 3rd century BC as well as its transformation into a metal production centre. ==The Vetren inscription== The inscription in Ancient Greek states〔Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein,2006,ISBN 0-19-517825-4,page 232: "2.A Greek trading post in Thrace.Literary and spectacular archeological discoveries in the royal cemetery of the Odrysian kings in Bulgaria document the wealth of the Thracian elite and the important place occupied by Greek imports in Thracian material culture. In this inscription an Odrysian official sets out the rules established by the Odrysian kings to protect foreign merchants from the cities of Maronea, Apollonia, and Thasos living in the trading post of Pistiros.It guarantees their right to judge disputes between themselves and protect their property and their persons against seizure and abuse.''If a merchant brings suit against another merchant (in Pistiros) they shall be judged among their kinsmen and with regard to whatever is owed to the merchants by Thracians ,there shall be no cancellation of these debts. All land and pasture owned by the merchants shall not be taken away from them. He shall not send holders of estates(?) to the merchants.He shall not install a garrison at Pistiros nor will he transfer Pistiros to another. He shall not exchange the land lots of the Pistirians nor transfer them to another. Neither he nor members of his family shall seize the property of the merchants. He shall not levy road taxes on any goods exported by the merchants from Pistiros to Maronea of from Maronea to Pistiros or to the market place Belana of the Praseoi. The merchants shall open and close their wagons. Just as also in the time of Cotys (swear this oath );Neither i nor anyone of my family will blind or kill a citizen of Maronea; Nor shall i or any member of my family seize the property of a citizen of Maronea,whether he be alive or dead;Nor shall i nor anyone of my family will blind or kill a citizen of Apollonia or Thasos who is living in Pistiros whether he is alive or dead''"〕
That co-existence between the Greeks and Thracians rendered them allies to a certain extent. The grave inscriptions of Greeks originating from Apollonia and Maroneia, discovered in Pistiros, and the names incised on pottery (graffiti) both of Thracians and Greeks, prove that the people from Pistiros were not homogenous ethnically. Adjacent to the territory of emporion Pistiros are the Bessoi, the clan-keeper of the Dionysian sanctuary in the Rhodopes. Dionysos as a God, and the Bessi, on his behalf, patronized and ensured the peaceful life and activity of the emporitai in the Upper Thrace. The oath taken in Dionysos’ name by King Cotys I and his successor, according to the Vetren inscription, represents additional proof for the significance of that cult in the official ideology of the Odrysian state. The excavations provided much evidence regarding the cult practices in Pistiros. Amongst the artefacts discovered were preserved or fragmented clay altars with various forms and decorations (few of them preserved in situ), cult zoomorphic figurines made of clay or stone, clay anthropomorphic figurines, and miniature objects and portable hearths (pyraunoi). More than 1000 copper and silver coins discovered during the excavations in Pistiros shed light on its internal and external trade contacts. This is the unique numismatic complex discovered during ordinary excavations where the coinage of several Thracian rulers is represented, e.g. Amadocus I, Bergaios, Cotys I, Amadocus II, Teres II, Cersobleptes, Seuthes III. Here are also found coins from Greek city-states, e.g. Thasos, Maroneia, Parion, Thracian Chersonese, Kypsela, Enos, Apollonia, Messembria, Damastion, Sermyle, Kardia. Moreover, the coinage of Ancient Macedonian and Hellenistic rulers is represented (Philip II, Alexander III the Great, Cassandros, Demetrios Poliorketes, Lysimachos, Seleucus I, etc.). In 1999 another fundamental discovery was made – a collective find consisting of 552 silver and gold coins issued by Alexander the Great, Demetrios Poliorketes, Lysimachos and Seleucus I. The inhabitants of this antique centre imported luxury pottery from Attic workshops for their domestic usage. Among the painted pottery discovered in Pistiros, prevailing are vessels of krater and scyphos types, rarer than those of the kylix and pelike types. Scenes of everyday life, mythology, leisure, and games of the Ancient Greeks are depicted on the vessels. Represented in more variety are black glazed, e.g. scyphoi, kanthaoroi, bows and one-handled cups, kylices and various shapes of latter type, lekythoi, and fish plates. The import of luxurious Attic pottery in Pistiros was interrupted about the mid 3rd century BC. This trend is typical for whole Thracian plain. Among the good number of fragments of amphorae, the greatest number are of those manufactured in Thasian workshops or in those belonging to the peraea of Thasos. Various patterns of autochthonous pottery – handmade or wheeled – prevail compared to the imported pottery. One could observe entirely preserved vessels, e.g. sealed oenochoai representing scenes of the Dionysian cult – Silenus abducts a menade, a Satyr’s masque. Thrace with its rich ledges succeeds in attracting the interest of the population from Aegean region. Emporion Pistiros, which was created under the tutelage of the Thracian kings, became key centre in the export of metals from Thrace to Ancient Greece. Despite the metal export, workshops for jewellery are organized as well in Thrace. The crucibles, blowers, cuts, matrixes, moulds, etc., discovered in Pistiros, are evidence for the development of this activity (what activity) in this region. After the burning down of the emporion by the Celts in the early 3rd century BC, on its remains was established a village for manufacturing fibulae and other ornaments made of iron, bronze, silver and gold. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pistiros」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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