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Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.〔From the 1995 ''Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary'': use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original workqtd. in 〕〔From the Oxford English Dictionary: the wrongful appropriation or purloining and publication as one's own, of the ideas, or the expression of the ideas… of anotherqtd. in Lands (1999)〕 The idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and unclear rules.〔u () quotation: (p.40) "The boundaries between permissible and impermissible, imitation, stylistic plagiarism, copy, replica and forgery remain nebulous."〕〔Haywood (1987) p.109, quoting Arnau〕〔Eco (1987) p.202, quoting Arnau〕 The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement. Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions like penalties, suspension, and even expulsion. Recently, cases of 'extreme plagiarism' have been identified in academia.〔O'Connor, Z (2015) ''Extreme plagiarism: The rise of the e-Idiot?'', International Journal of Learning in Higher Education, 20 (1), pp1-11.ISSN: 2327-7955 ()〕 Plagiarism is not a crime ''per se'' but in academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense,〔〔 and cases of plagiarism can constitute copyright infringement. ==Etymology== In the 1st century, the use of the Latin word ''plagiarius'' (literally ''kidnapper'') to denote stealing someone else's work was pioneered by Roman poet Martial, who complained that another poet had "kidnapped his verses." ''"Plagiary"'', a derivative of ''"plagiarus"'' was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson to describe someone guilty of literary theft.〔Lynch (2002)〕〔Valpy, Francis Edward Jackson (2005) ''Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language'', p.345 (entry for ''plagium'' ), quotation: "the crime of kidnapping."〕 The derived form ''plagiarism'' was introduced into English around 1620.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Etymology Dictionary )〕 The Latin ''plagiārius'', "kidnapper", and ''plagium'', "kidnapping", has the root ''plaga'' ("snare", "net"), based on the Indo-European root '' *-plak'', "to weave" (seen for instance in Greek ''plekein'', Bulgarian "плета" ''pleta'', Latin ''plectere'', all meaning "to weave"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Plagiarism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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