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| doctoral_advisor = Alexander von Brill Gustav Kirchhoff〔Physics Tree profile (Max Planck )〕 Hermann von Helmholtz | doctoral_students = | notable_students = Lise Meitner | known_for = |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |awards = * * * * }} |signature = Max Planck signature.svg |footnotes = His son Erwin Planck was executed in 1945 by the Gestapo for his part in the assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler July 20 plot. }} Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, FRS (;〔("Planck" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 ; April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was a German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.〔(The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 ). Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 2011-07-05.〕 Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as an originator of the quantum theory. However, his name is also known on a broader academic basis, through the renaming in 1948 of the German scientific institution, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which he was twice president), as the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS now includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions. Max Planck's quantum theory revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. ==Early life and career== Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich. Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of ''Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck''; of his given names, ''Marx'' (a now obsolete variant of ''Markus'' or maybe simply an error for ''Max'', which is actually short for ''Maximilian'') was indicated as the primary name.〔Christoph Seidler, (''Gestatten, Marx Planck'' ), Spiegel Online, 24 April 2008〕 However, by the age of ten he signed with the name ''Max'' and used this for the rest of his life.〔(Press release ) of the Max Planck Society about Max Planck's name.〕 He was the 6th child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Second Schleswig War in 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17.〔''Encyclopædia Britannica: Max Planck''〕 This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics. Planck was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics. The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised Planck against going into physics, saying, "in this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." Planck replied that he did not wish to discover new things, but only to understand the known fundamentals of the field, and so began his studies in 1874 at the University of Munich. Under Jolly's supervision, Planck performed the only experiments of his scientific career, studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum, but transferred to theoretical physics. In 1877 he went to the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin for a year of study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry and monotonous. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Clausius's writings, which led him to choose heat theory as his field. In October 1878 Planck passed his qualifying exams and in February 1879 defended his dissertation, ''Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie'' (''On the second law of thermodynamics''). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich. In June 1880, he presented his habilitation thesis, ''Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen'' (''Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Max Planck」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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