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Pleosporales
The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate it contains 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species.〔 The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water,〔Shearer CA, Raja HA, Miller AN, Nelson P, Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Marvanová L, Hyde KD, Zhang Z. 2009. The molecular phylogeny of freshwater Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 145–153.()〕 marine,〔Suetrong S, Schoch CL, Spatafora JW, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Sakayaroj J, Phongpaichit S, Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Jones EBG. 2009. Molecular systematics of the marine Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 155–173.()〕 or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes.〔 The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. ''Cochliobolus heterostrophus'', causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, ''Phaeosphaeria nodorum'' (''Stagonospora nodorum'') causing glume blotch on wheat and ''Leptosphaeria maculans'' causing a stem canker (called blackleg) on cabbage crops (''Brassica''). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung〔Kruys Å, Eriksson OE, Wedin M. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of coprophilous Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota), and the classification of some bitunicate taxa of unknown position. Mycological Research 110:527–536〕 and a small number occur as lichens 〔Nelsen MP, Lücking R, Grube M, Mbatchou JS, Muggia L, Rivas Plata E, Lumbsch HT. 2009. Unravelling the phylogenetic relationships of lichenised fungi in Dothideomyceta. Studies in Mycology 64: 135–144.()〕 and rock-inhabiting fungi.〔Ruibal C, Gueidan C, Selbmann L, Gorbushina AA, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Muggia L, Grube M, Isola D, Schoch CL, Staley JT, Lutzoni F, Hoog GS De. 2009. Phylogeny of rock-inhabiting fungi related to Dothideomycetes. Studies in Mycology 64: 123–133.()〕
== Taxonomy ==
The order was proposed in 1955 as Dothideomycetes with perithecioid ascomata with pseudoparaphyses amongst the asci, at which time there were seven families (Botryosphaeriaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Mesnieraceae, Pleosporaceae and Venturiaceae). Three further families were added in 1973 (Dimeriaceae, Mycoporaceae and Sporormiaceae). The order was only formally described in 1987 (Barr) with 21 families. Five families were added in 2009 (Aigialaceae, Amniculicolaceae, Lentitheciaceae, Tetraplosphaeriaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae).〔 The family Halojulellaceae was circumscribed in 2013.〔
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