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Pneumoperitoneum is the presence of air or gas in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity. It is often seen on X-ray, but small amounts are often missed, and CT is nowadays regarded as a criterion standard in the assessment of a pneumoperitoneum.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 eMedicine.com: Pneumoperitoneum'' )〕 CT can visualize quantities as small as 5 cm³ of air or gas. The most common cause is a perforated abdominal viscus, generally a perforated peptic ulcer, although any part of the bowel may perforate from a benign ulcer, tumor or abdominal trauma. A perforated appendix seldom causes a pneumoperitoneum. In the mid-twentieth century, an "artificial" pneumoperitoneum was sometimes intentionally administered as a treatment for a hiatal hernia. This was achieved by insufflating the abdomen with carbon dioxide. The practice is currently used by surgical teams in order to perform laparoscopic surgery. ==Causes== *Perforated duodenal ulcer - The most common cause of rupture in the abdomen. Especially of the anterior aspect of the first part of the duodenum. *Perforated peptic ulcer *Bowel obstruction *Ruptured diverticulum *Penetrating trauma *Ruptured inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. megacolon) *Necrotising enterocolitis/Pneumatosis coli〔(Necrotizing Enterocolitis ) Bugs, Drugs and Things That Go Bump in the Night〕 *Bowel cancer *Ischemic bowel *Steroids *After laparotomy *After laparoscopy *Breakdown of a surgical anastomosis *Bowel injury after endoscopy *Peritoneal dialysis *Vaginal insufflation (air enters via the fallopian tubes, e.g. water-skiing, oral sex〔(Sexual Activity as Cause for Non-Surgical Pneumoperitoneum )〕) *Colonic or peritoneal infection *From chest (e.g. bronchopleural fistula) *Non-invasive PAP (positive airway pressure) can force air down duodenum as well as down trachea. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pneumoperitoneum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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