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Konstantin Petrovich Pobyedonostsyev (; May 21, 1827, Moscow – March 23, 1907, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian jurist, statesman, and adviser to three Tsars.〔Thompson, Ronald. ''The Government of the Soviet Union, 2nd edition''. D. Van Nostrand, 1949〕 He is usually regarded as a prime representative of reactionary〔https://books.google.com/books?id=W8ETvpyQ26wC&pg=PA23&dq=pobedonostsev+reactionary#PPA23,M1〕 views and was the "éminence grise" of imperial politics during the reign of Alexander III of Russia, holding the position of the Ober-Procurator of the Most Holy Synod, the highest position of the supervision of the Russian Orthodox Church by the state. ==Life== Pobedonostsev's father Pyotr Vasilyevich Pobedonostsev was a Professor of literature at Moscow State University. In 1841 he placed his son, then aged 14, in the St. Petersburg School of Jurisprudence, which had been established to prepare young men for civil service. After graduation Konstantin Pobedonostsev entered the public service as an official in the eighth Moscow department of the Senate. The task of the department was to resolve civil cases from guberniyas surrounding Moscow. He was promoted rapidly within the eighth department. At the same time in 1859 Moscow State University requested him, then aged 32, to hold lectures in civil law instead of V. N. Nikolski, who had moved abroad. For the next six years Pobedonostsev was lecturing eight hours every week while continuing to work in the eighth Moscow department. From 1860 to 1865 he was professor of civil law at Moscow State University. In 1861 Tsar Alexander II invited him to instruct his son and heir Nicholas in the theory of law and administration. As a result, Pobedonostsev had to resign from Moscow State University due to the lack of time. In 1865 at the age of 38, he was elected Professor Emeritus at the university. On April 12, 1865 Nicholas died, and Pobedonostsev was invited to teach Nicholas's brother Alexander (the future Tsar Alexander III). In 1866 Pobedonostsev moved to a permanent residence in St. Petersburg. Pobedonostsev and Tsarevich Alexander remained very close for almost thirty years, from Alexander's ascension as a Tsar until his death in 1894. In 1868, he became a senator, in 1874 – a member of the Council of the Empire, and in 1880 – chief procurator of the Holy Synod. In the latter office Pobedonostsev was de facto head of the Russian Orthodox Church, just the year before the Tsar was assassinated. During the reign of Alexander III he was one of the most influential men in the empire. He is considered the mastermind of Alexander's Manifesto of April 29, 1881, shortly after Alexander III ascended the throne after his father was assassinated. The Manifesto on Unshakeable Autocracy proclaimed that the absolute power of the Tsar in Russia was unshakable thus putting an end to Loris-Melikov's endeavours to establish a representative body in the empire. Actually, Pobedonostsev's ascension in the first days after the assassination of Alexander II resulted in subsequent resignation of Loris-Melikov and other ministers eager for liberal reforms. He always was an uncompromising conservative and never shrank from boldly expressing his staunch opinions. Consequently, in the liberal circles he was always denounced as an obscurantist, pedant, and an enemy of progress. After the death of Alexander III, he lost much of his influence over the unfortunate Tsar Nicholas II, who was assassinated with his whole family in 1918. While Nicholas II adhered to his father's Russification policy and even extending it to Finland, he generally disliked the idea of systematic religious persecution, and was not wholly averse to the partial emancipation of the Russian Church from civil control. In 1901, Nikolai Lagovski, a supporter of socialist ideas, tried to kill Pobedonostsev. He shot in the window of Pobedonostsev's office but missed. Lagovski was sentenced to 6 years of katorga. During the revolutionary tumult, which followed the disastrous war with Japan, Pobedonostsev, being nearly 80 years of age, retired from public affairs. He died on March 23, 1907. He was fictionalized as old senator Ableukhov in Andrey Bely's novel ''Petersburg'' (1912). Arguably he was also depicted in Leo Tolstoy's ''Anna Karenina'' as Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin.〔http://www.arsenalband.ru/now169.php〕 He ordered Tolstoy's excommunication in 1901.〔http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=p_wsH5m7NesC&pg=PA1008&lpg=PA1008&dq=Konstantin+Petrovich+Pobedonostsev+tolstoy+excommunication&source=bl&ots=-2KPF3pkLP&sig=HURMT_eoYk9I2iwlvYRBSROAPHo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e34DU5iZC4KJ7Aaai4D4Bg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Konstantin%20Petrovich%20Pobedonostsev%20tolstoy%20excommunication&f=false〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Konstantin Pobedonostsev」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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