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''Podophyllum'' is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Berberidaceae, described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.〔(Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 505 ) in Latin〕〔(Tropicos, ''Podophyllum'' L. )〕 In the past, several species were included in the genus, but all but one have been transferred to other genera ''(Dysosma, Pilea,'' and ''Sinopodophyllum).''〔(Flora of North America, Vol. 3, ''Podophyllum'' Linnaeus )〕 The one remaining species is ''Podophyllum peltatum'', with common names mayapple, American mandrake, wild mandrake, and ground lemon. It is widespread across most of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.〔(Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map )〕 Mayapples are woodland plants, typically growing in colonies derived from a single root. The stems grow to 30–40 cm tall, with palmately lobed umbrella-like leaves up to 20–40 cm diameter with 3–9 shallowly to deeply cut lobes. The plants produce several stems from a creeping underground rhizome; some stems bear a single leaf and do not produce any flower or fruit, while flowering stems produce a pair or more leaves with 1–8 flowers in the axil between the apical leaves. The flowers are white, yellow or red, 2–6 cm diameter with 6–9 petals, and mature into a green, yellow or red fleshy fruit 2–5 cm long.〔 All the parts of the plant, excepting the fruit, are poisonous. Even the fruit, though not dangerously poisonous, can cause unpleasant indigestion. The substance they contain (podophyllotoxin or podophyllin) is used as a purgative and as a cytostatic. Posalfilin is a drug containing podophyllin and salicylic acid that is used to treat the plantar wart. They are also grown as ornamental plants for their attractive foliage and flowers. Though the common name is mayapple,〔(''Podophyllum peltatum'' ) at (USDA PLANTS Database )〕 it is the flower that appears in early May, not the "apple". The fruit or "apple" is produced early summer and ripens later in summer. Many species of plants have mycorrhizae to assist with nutrient uptake in infertile conditions. Mayapple plants are considered obligately dependent upon such mycorrhizae, although it may also be facultatively dependent upon rhizome age and soil nutrient levels.〔Watson, M.A. and five others. 2001. The developmental ecology of mycorrhizal associations in mayapple, ''Podophyllum peltatum'', Berberidaceae. Evolutionary Ecology 15: 425-442.〕 Plants are commonly found infected by the rust ''Allodus podophylli'', appearing as honeycomb-patterned orange colonies under the leaves, and yellowish lesions on the upper surface.〔Bunyard, Britt A. 2013 "Mayapple Rust Resurrection" ''FUNGI'' 6(1): 38-39.〕 ==Toxicity== The ripened fruit is edible in little amounts, though when consumed in large amounts the fruit is poisonous. The rhizome, foliage and roots are also poisonous. Mayapple contains podophyllotoxin,〔Moraes, R.M., H. Lata, E. Bedir, M. Maqbool, and K. Cushman. 2002. ''(On American Mayapple as practical source of podophyllotoxin )'' p. 527–532. In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.〕 which is highly toxic if consumed, but can be used as a topical medicine. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Podophyllum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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