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The political system of Qatar is an absolute monarchy, with the Emir of Qatar as head of state and head of government. Under the 2003 constitutional referendum it should become a constitutional monarchy.〔 Sharia Law is the main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar's Constitution.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626 )〕 ==Legal system== Sharia law is the main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar's Constitution.〔〔 Sharia law is applied to laws pertaining to family law, inheritance, and several criminal acts (including adultery, robbery and murder). In some cases in Sharia-based family courts, a female's testimony is worth half a man's and in some cases a female witness is not accepted at all.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf )〕 Codified family law was introduced in 2006. In practice, Qatar's legal system is a mixture of civil law and Islamic law.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Qatar )〕 Flogging is used in Qatar as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illicit sexual relations.〔 Article 88 of Qatar's criminal code declares the punishment for adultery is 100 lashes.〔 Adultery is punishable by death when a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim man are involved.〔 In 2006, a Filipino woman was sentenced to 100 lashes for adultery. In 2010, at least 18 people (mostly foreign nationals) were sentenced to flogging of between 40 and 100 lashes for offences related to “illicit sexual relations” or alcohol consumption.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-qatar-2010?page=2 )〕 In 2011, at least 21 people (mostly foreign nationals) were sentenced to floggings of between 30 and 100 lashes for offences related to “illicit sexual relations” or alcohol consumption.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-qatar-2010?page=2 )〕 In 2012, six expatriates were sentenced to floggings of either 40 or 100 lashes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/4fbe391669.html )〕 Only Muslims considered medically fit were liable to have such sentences carried out. It is unknown if the sentences were implemented. More recently in April 2013, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for alcohol consumption.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-sentences-man-40-lashes-for-drinking-alcohol-498986.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15593 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/22/Qatar-to-lash-Muslim-barber-over-drinking-alcohol-.html )〕 In June 2014, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for consuming alcohol and driving under the influence.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-expat-sentenced-40-lashes-in-qatar-for-drink-driving-552601.html )〕 Judicial corporal punishment is common in Qatar due to the Hanbali interpretation of Sharia Law. Stoning is a legal punishment in Qatar. Apostasy is a crime punishable by the death penalty in Qatar. Blasphemy is punishable by up to seven years in prison and proselytizing can be punished by up to 10 years in prison.〔 Homosexuality is a crime punishable by the death penalty for Muslims. Alcohol consumption is partially legal in Qatar, some five-star luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to their non-Muslim customers. Muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol in Qatar and Muslims caught consuming alcohol are liable to flogging or deportation. Non-Muslim expatriates can obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal consumption. The Qatar Distribution Company (a subsidiary of Qatar Airways) is permitted to import alcohol and pork; it operates the one and only liquor store in the country, which also sells pork to holders of liquor licences. Qatari officials have also indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in "fan zones" at the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Until recently, restaurants on the Pearl-Qatar (a man-made island near Doha) were allowed to serve alcoholic drinks.〔〔 In December 2011, however, restaurants on the Pearl were told to stop selling alcohol.〔 No explanation was given for the ban.〔〔 Speculation about the reason includes the government's desire to project a more pious image in advance of the country's first election of a royal advisory body and rumours of a financial dispute between the government and the resort's developers.〔 In 2014, Qatar launched a modesty campaign to remind tourists of the modest dress code. As a result, sponsors may restrict workers’ movements and workers may be afraid to report abuses or claim their rights.〔 According to the ITUC, the visa sponsorship system allows the exaction of forced labour by making it difficult for a migrant worker to leave an abusive employer or travel overseas without permission.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ituc-csi.org/international-unions-warn-qatar-s?lang=en )〕 Qatar also does not maintain wage standards for its immigrant labour. Qatar commissioned international law firm DLA Piper to produce a report investigating the immigrant labour system. In May 2014 DLA Piper released over 60 recommendations for reforming the kafala system including the abolition of exit visas and the introduction of a minimum wage which Qatar has pledged to implement.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Qatar government admits almost 1,000 fatalities among migrants )〕 Cases of ill-treatment of immigrant labour have been observed. The Nepalese ambassador to Qatar, Maya Kumari Sharma, described the emirate as an "open jail". Qatar does not have national occupational health standards or guidelines, and workplace injuries are the third highest cause of accidental deaths. In May 2012, Qatari officials declared their intention to allow the establishment of an independent trade union.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/01/211482.html )〕 Qatar also announced it will scrap its sponsor system for foreign labour, which requires that all foreign workers be sponsored by local employers, who in some cases hold workers' passports and can deny them permission to change jobs.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Politics of Qatar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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