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Polotsk (Polatsk, (ベラルーシ語:По́лацк), (ロシア語:По́лоцк), (ポーランド語:Połock))〔(Occidental spelling according to the Belarus Permanent Mission to the United Nations. )〕〔(Occidental spelling according to the official Belarus website. )〕〔(Occidental spelling according to "Nations Online" website. )〕〔( Spelling according to Google Maps. )〕 is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina River. It is the center of the Polatsk Raion in Vitsebsk Voblast. Its population is more than 80,000 people.〔(polotskgik.by - City )〕 It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base. ==History== (詳細はOld East Slavic name, ''Polotesk'', is derived from the Polota River, that flows into the Western Dvina nearby. The Vikings rendered that name as ''Palteskja''. Polotsk is one of the most ancient cities of the Eastern Slavs. The Primary Chronicle listed Polotsk in 862 (as Полотескъ, /poloteskŭ/), together with Murom and Beloozero. However, there is debate about this, as some historians believe Polotsk was not yet in existence in the 9th century, and this record was an invention of the compiler.〔Wladyslaw Duczko.Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe. 2004, p.126〕 However, an archaeological expedition from the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus suggests that Polotsk did exist in the first half of the 9th century.〔(Archaeologists have won the dispute in the ancient chronicles of the earlier date base of Polotsk )〕 Between the 10th and 12th centuries, the Principality of Polotsk emerged as the dominant center of power in what is now Belarusian territory, with a lesser role played by the Principality of Turov to the south. It repeatedly asserted its sovereignty in relation to other centers of Kievan Rus, becoming a political capital, the episcopal see and the controller of vassal territories among Balts in the west. Its most powerful ruler was Prince Vseslav Bryachislavich, who reigned from 1044 to 1101. A 12th-century inscription commissioned by Vseslav's son Boris may still be seen on a huge boulder installed near the St. Sophia Cathedral. For a full list of the Polotsk rulers, please see the list of Belarusian rulers. In 1240, Polotsk became a vassal of Lithuanian princes. Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytenis annexed the city by military force in 1307, completing the process which Lithuanian princes had begun in the 1250s.〔 Polotsk received a charter of autonomy guaranteeing that the grand dukes ''′will not introduce new, nor destroy the old′''.〔The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300-c. 1415. pp.769-770〕 It was the earliest to be so incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.〔 By doing so, the Lithuanians manage to firmly grasp the Dvina trade route into their hands, securing an important element for the surrounding economies.〔The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300-c. 1415. p.706〕 The Magdeburg law was adopted in 1498. Polotsk was a capital of the Połock Voivodship of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772. Captured by the Russian army of Ivan the Terrible in 1563, it was returned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania just 15 years later. It was again captured by Russian in 17 June 1654 but recaptured by Poles in 30 October 1660 during Russo-Polish War (1654-67). As in 1773 Polotsk (then Połock) became seized by Russia as the Russian Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, since the Russian Empress Catherine did not acknowledge the Papal Suppression of the Society of Jesus (1773-1814), the order branches in these lands were not disbanded, and Połock became the European centre of the Order, with the novitiate opening in 1780, the arrival of distinguished Jesuits from other parts of Europe who brought with them valuable books and scientific collections. Jesuits continued their pastoral work and upgraded the Jesuit College in Polotsk, opened in 1580 by decree of the Polish king Stefan Batory, with the Jesuit Piotr Skarga as its first rector, into the Połock Academy (1812–1820), with three faculties – Theology, Languages and Liberal Arts, 4 libraries, a printing house, a bookshop, a theatre with 3 stages, a science museum, an art gallery and a scientific and literary periodical, and a medical care centre. The school was also the patron of the college in Petersburg, the mission to Saratów and an expedition to Canton. When in 1820 the pressure from the Russian Orthodox Church influenced Tsar Alexander I to exile the Jesuits and close the Academy, there were 700 students studying there.〔Symposium 2014: Jesuit Survival and Restoration 1773 - 1814: 200th Anniversary Perspectives from Boston and Macau〕〔Połock Academy (1812-1820): An Example of the Society of Jesus's Endurance, by Irena Kadulska in: Robert A. MARYKS and Jonathan WRIGHT (eds.), Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773-1900, Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill, 2015, ISBN 9789004282384, pp. 83-98〕 The Academy's library, with its 40,000-60,000 volumes, the richest collection of 16th-18th century books, was also disbanded by the Russian authorities, the books were taken to St. Petersburg, Kiev and other cities, 4000 volumes (along with books from other closed Jesuit schools) going to the St. Petersburg State University Scientific Library 〔http://adventist.narod.ru/polotski.htm〕〔Stam, David H. International Dictionary of Library Histories. Chicago, Ill: Dearborn, 2001. vol 1, p. 686〕 That period of warfare started the gradual decline of the city. After the first partition of Poland, Polotsk was reduced to the status of a small provincial town of the Russian Empire. During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, it was the site of two battles, the First Battle of Polotsk and the Second Battle of Polotsk. Polotsk was occupied by German Empire between 25 February 1918 and 21 November 1918 in World War I, by Poland between 22 September 1919 and 14 May 1920 in Polish–Soviet War and by Nazi Germany between 16 July 1941 and 4 July 1944 in World War II. Polots became center of Polatsk Voblast between 20 September 1944 and 8 January 1954. After dissolving ones and dividing between Vitebsk and Molodechno ones, it is part of former. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polotsk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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