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Polyozellus
''Polyozellus'' is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery earthfans. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species ''Polyozellus multiplex'', first described in 1899, and commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the clustered blue chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps with veiny wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem.
''Polyozellus'' has had a varied taxonomic history and has been reclassified several times at both the family and genus level. The range of ''Polyozellus'' includes North America and eastern Asia, where ''P. multiplex'' may be found growing on the ground in coniferous forests, usually under spruce and fir trees. It is an edible species, and has been harvested for commercial purposes. ''Polyozellus multiplex'' contains the bioactive compound polyozellin, shown to have various physiological properties, including suppressive effects on stomach cancer.
==History and taxonomy==
The first published description of the species was written by botanist Lucien M. Underwood in 1899, based on a specimen found the previous year in the woods of Mount Desert, Maine. Although he called the new species a ''Cantharellus'', he noted that "the plant is a remarkable one and from its habit might well form a distinct genus since it has little in common with ''Cantharellus'' except its fold-like gills."〔 In 1910, William Murrill transferred it to the new genus ''Polyozellus''; Murrill thought the compound structure of the stem to be a sufficiently unique characteristic to warrant it being separated from ''Cantharellus'' species, which have simpler stem structures.〔 In 1920, specimens from a Japanese collection compiled by A. Yasuda were sent to mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd, who believed the fungus to be a new species and named it ''Phyllocarbon yasudai''.〔No further collections of the fungus were reported until 1937, when it was found in Quebec, Canada.〔 The next year, Paul Shope considered the genus ''Polyozellus'' to be superfluous, pointed out that the compound fruit bodies and the wrinkled hymenium were instead consistent with the genus ''Craterellus''.〔 In 1939, American mycologist Lee Oras Overholts, in a letter to the journal ''Mycologia'', opined that both of these authors had overlooked a 1925 publication by Calvin Kauffman, who made notes and photos of the species collected in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, and in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon.〔 Kauffman believed the species to be merely "a very extreme growth condition" of ''Cantharellus clavatus'' (now known as ''Gomphus clavatus'') and suggested there was no reason for transferring the species to the genus ''Craterellus''.〔 Mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Elizabeth Morse, in their 1947 publication on ''Cantharellus'' species in the United States, placed the species in a new section ''Polyozellus'', but did not separate it from the genus ''Cantharellus''; they defined the distinguishing characteristics of ''Polyozellus'' as the small, roughened, hyaline spores and the color change of the flesh in potassium hydroxide solution, adding that "the spores are unusual for the genus but in our estimation do not warrant excluding the species."〔
In 1953, Rokuya Imazeki took into consideration differences in spore characteristics: species in the genus ''Cantharellus'' were not known to have spores that were subglobose (roughly spherical) and tuberculate (covered with wart-like projections) like ''Polyozellus''; however, these spore characteristics were common in species in the Thelephoraceae family (''Cantharellus'' belongs in a different family, the Cantharellaceae). Other characteristics linking the blue chanterelle with the Thelephoraceae included the dark color, the strong odor (especially in dried specimens), and the presence of thelephoric acid, a mushroom pigment common in the family. Taken together, these factors led Imazeki to propose the new family Phylacteriaceae.〔 The suggested family-level taxonomical change was not accepted by other authors; for example, in 1954, Seiichi Kawamura renamed it ''Thelephora multiplex''.〔 As of 2009, both Index Fungorum〔 and MycoBank〔 list ''Polyozellus'' as being within the Thelephoraceae family, a grouping of mushrooms commonly known as the leathery earthfans.〔Pilz ''et al''., p. 17.〕 The genus name is derived from the Greek ''poly'' meaning ''many'', and ''oz'', meaning ''branch''.〔 The specific epithet ''multiplex'' means "in many pieces", referring to the compound nature of the fruit body.〔 Common names for this species include the blue chanterelle and the clustered blue chanterelle.〔 In Alaska, where specimens typically have very dark-colored fruit bodies, it is called the black chanterelle,〔Pilz ''et al''., p. 38.〕 although this name is shared with some ''Craterellus'' species.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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