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Polypores are a group of fungi that form fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions). They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypores are closely related to each other. Polypores are also called bracket fungi, and their woody fruiting bodies are called conks. Most polypores inhabit tree trunks or branches consuming the wood, but some soil-inhabiting species form mycorrhiza with trees. Polypores and their relatives corticioid fungi are the most important agents of wood decay. Thus they play a very significant role in nutrient and carbon dioxideside of forest ecosystems. Over a thousand polypore species have been described to science,〔Kirk PM et al. (2008) ''Ainsworth and Bisby's dictionary of the fungi''. 10th edition. CABI Europe.〕 but large part of the diversity is still unknown even in relatively well-studied temperate areas. Polypores are much more diverse in old natural forests with abundant dead wood than in younger managed forests or plantations. Consequently, a number of species have declined drastically and are under threat of extinction due to logging and deforestation. Polypores are used in traditional medicine, and they are actively studied for their medicinal value and various industrial applications. Several polypore species are serious pathogens of plantation trees and major causes of timber spoilage. ==Description== The fungal individual that develops the fruiting bodies we identify as polypores resides in soil or wood as mycelium. Polypores are often restricted to either deciduous (angiosperm) or conifer (gymnosperm) host trees. Some species depend on a single tree genus (e.g. ''Piptoporus betulinus'' on birch, ''Perenniporia corticola'' on dipterocarps). Forms of polypore fruiting bodies range from mushroom-shaped to thin effused patches that develop on dead wood. Perennial fruiting bodies of some species growing on living trees can grow over 50 years old (e.g. ''Phellinus igniarius''). Most species of polypores develop new, short-lived fruiting bodies annually or several times every year. Abundant fruiting takes place during the autumn or rainy season. Structure of the fruiting bodies is simple. Effused or resupinate fruiting bodies typically consist of two layers - tube layer of vertically arranged tubes that open downwards, and supporting layer called subiculum that supports and attached the tubes to substrate. In fruiting bodies with a cap (pileate fruiting bodies) the tissue between upper surface and the pore layer is called context. A few polypores (e.g. ''Fomes fomentarius'' and ''Inocutis rhaedes'') also have a core between context and substrate. Minority of polypore species also have a stalk (stipe) than can attach to the cap either laterally or centrally depending on the species. Polypore tubes are a honey-comb-like structure, where the individual tubes have fused together. Their sides are covered with spore-forming surface, the hymenium. The tubes offer shelter for developing spores and help to increase spore-producing surface. Pore size and shape vary a lot between species, but little within a species - some ''Hexagonia'' spp. have 5 mm wide pores whereas pores of ''Antrodiella'' spp. are invisible to naked eye with 15 pores per mm. Generally the larger the pores, the larger the spores. A few polypores produce asexual spores (chlamydospores or conidia) in the upper surface of their cap (e.g. ''Echinopora aculeifera'', ''Oligoporus ptychogaster'') or without the presence of a sexual fruiting body (e.g. ''Inonotus rickii'', ''Heterobasidion'' spp.).〔Gilbertson RL, Ryvarden L (1986) ''North American polypores 1, ''Abortiporus'' to ''Lindtneria. Oslo, Fungiflora.〕 File:Polyporus sp.jpg|''Polyporus'' sp. fruiting bodies with stalk, Indonesia File:Fomitopsis pinicola FI.jpg|Perennial conk of ''Fomitopsis pinicola'' on spruce File:Meruliopsis taxicola.jpg|Effused fruiting bodies of ''Meruliopsis taxicola'' on a pine log 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polypore」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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