|
Populism is a doctrine that appeals to the interests and conceptions (such as hopes and fears) of the general population, especially when contrasting any new collective consciousness push against the prevailing status quo interests of any predominant political sector.〔"the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite."Princeton University http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=populism〕 Since the 1980s, populist movements and parties have enjoyed degrees of success in First World democracies such as Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the Nordic countries. Political parties and politicians often use the terms ''populist'' and ''populism'' as pejoratives against their opponents. Such a view sees populism as merely empathising with the public, (usually through rhetoric or "unrealistic" proposals) in order to increase appeal across the political spectrum (cf. demagogy).〔The Irish Times. O'Halloran, Marie. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ff-education-bill-a-populist-stunt-says-government-1.963336 January 21, 2013〕 ==Academic definitions== Academic definitions of populism have varied widely over the centuries, and the term has often been employed in loose and inconsistent ways to denote appeals to "the people", "demagogy" and "catch-all" politics or as a label for new types of parties whose classifications are unclear. A factor traditionally held to diminish the value of "populism" as a category has been that, as Margaret Canovan notes in her 1981 study ''Populism'', unlike conservatives or socialists, populists rarely call themselves "populists" and usually reject the term when it is applied to them. Nonetheless, in recent years academic scholars have produced definitions of populism which enable populist identification and comparison. Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan McDonnell define populism as an ideology that "pits a virtuous and homogeneous people against a set of elites and dangerous ‘others’ who are together depicted as depriving (or attempting to deprive) the sovereign people of their rights, values, prosperity, identity, and voice". Rather than viewing populism in terms of specific social bases, economic programs, issues, or electorates — as discussions of right-wing populism have tended to do〔Kitschelt, Herbert (with McGann, Anthony), 1995, ''The Radical Right in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis'', Ann Arbor: University of Michighan Press〕 — this type of definition is in line with the approaches of scholars such as Ernesto Laclau,〔Laclau, Ernesto, 2005, ''On Populist Reason'', London: Verso〕 Pierre-Andre Taguieff,〔Taguieff, Pierre-Andre, 2002, ''L'illusion populiste'', Paris: Berg International〕 Yves Meny and Yves Surel,〔Meny, Yves and Surel, Yves, 2002, ''Democracies and the Populist Challenge'', London: Palgrave Macmillan〕 who have all sought to focus on populism ''per se'', rather than treating it simply as an appendage of other ideologies. Although in the US and Europe, it currently tends to be associated with right-wing parties, the central tenet of populism that democracy should reflect the pure and undiluted will of the people, means it can sit easily with ideologies of both right and left. However, while leaders of populist movements in recent decades have claimed to be on either the left or the right of the political spectrum, there are also many populists who reject such classifications and claim not to be "left wing", "centrist" or "right wing."〔Canovan, Margaret. 1981. ''Populism.''〕〔Betz, Hans-Georg. 1994. ''Radical Right-wing Populism in Western Europe.''〕〔Kazin, Michael. 1995.''The Populist Persuasion: An American History.''〕 Although "populist" is often used pejoratively in the media and in political debate, exceptions to this do exist, notably in the United States. In this case, it appears likely that this is due to the memories and traditions of earlier democratic movements (for example, farmers' movements, New Deal reform movements, and the civil rights movement) that were often called populist, by supporters and outsiders alike.〔Boyte, Populism and John Dewey〕 Some scholars argue that populist organizing for empowerment represents the return of older "Aristotelian" politics of horizontal interactions among equals who are different, for the sake of public problem solving.〔Harry C. Boyte. "Introduction: Reclaiming Populism as a Different Kind of Politics." The Good Society 21.2 (2012): 173-176. Project MUSE. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. Populists are seen by some politicians as a largely democratic and positive force in society, while a wing of scholarship in political science contends that populist mass movements are irrational and introduce instability into the political process. Margaret Canovan argues that both these polar views are faulty, and has defined two main branches of modern populism worldwide—''agrarian'' and ''political''—and mapped out seven disparate sub-categories: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Populism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|