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Popé or Po'pay (; ca. 1630 – ca. 1688) was a Tewa religious leader from Ohkay Owingeh (known since the colonial period as San Juan Pueblo), who led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 against Spanish colonial rule. In the first successful revolt against the Spanish, the Pueblo expelled the colonists and kept them out of the territory for twelve years. ==Background== Spanish rule of the Pueblo Indians of the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico began in 1598. Although they numbered 40,000 to 80,000 people at that time, the many independent towns, often speaking different languages and hostile to each other, were unable to unite in opposition to the Spanish.〔Frank, Ross, "Demographic, Social, and Economic Change in New Mexico," in ''New Views of Borderland History'', ed. by Robert H. Jackson. Albuquerque: U of NM Press, 1998, 43-44〕 Revolts against Spanish rule were frequent, but the Spanish ruthlessly repressed dissent. The Pueblo suffered abuses from Spanish overlords, soldiers, priests, and their Mexican Indian allies, many from Tlaxcala, Mexico. In particular, the Spanish suppressed the religious ceremonies of the Pueblo. The effects of violence, forced labor, and European diseases (against which they had no immunity) reduced the Pueblo population to about 15,000 by the latter years of the 17th century.〔Riley, Carroll L. ''Rio del Norte,'' Salt Lake City: U of Utah Press, 1994, 266〕 Po'pay appears in history in 1675 as one of 47 religious leaders of the northern Pueblo arrested by the Juan Francisco Trevino's government for "witchcraft." Three were executed and one committed suicide. The others were whipped, imprisoned in Santa Fe, and sentenced to be sold into slavery. Seventy Pueblo warriors showed up at the governor's office and demanded, politely but persistently, that Po'pay and the others be released. The governor complied, probably in part because the colony was being seriously harassed by Apaches and Navajo and he could not afford to risk a Pueblo revolt.〔John, Elizabeth A. H., ''Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds'', Lincoln: U of Neb Press, 1975, 94.〕 Po’pay was described as a “fierce and dynamic individual…who inspired respect bordering on fear in those who dealt with him.〔MacDonald, Priscilla, "(Pope: the Man behind the Legend )," University of Lourdes, accessed May 1, 2010〕 After his release, Po'pay retired to the remote Taos Pueblo and began planning a rebellion.〔Ponce, Pedro, "(Trouble for the Spanish: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 )", accessed Apr 14, 2010〕 Po'pay's message was simple: destroy the Spanish and their influence and go back to the old ways of life that had given the Pueblos relative peace, prosperity, and independence. The Pueblo revolt displayed "all the classic characteristics of a revitalization movement...the emergence of a charismatic leader, the development of a core group of followers who spread the prophet's message to the wider public; and, ultimately the successful transformation of Pueblo cultures and communities."〔( Liebmann, Matthew. "The innovative materiality of revitalization movements: Lessons from the Pueblo Revolt of 1680." ''American Anthropologist,'' Vol, 110, No. 3, 2008, 360-372. )〕〔MacDonald, 6.〕 Po'pay began secret negotiations with leaders from all other pueblos. They agreed to begin the revolt on August 13, 1680 and runners were sent out to each Pueblo with knotted cords, the number of knots corresponding to the days left before the revolt was to begin.〔MacDonald, 6〕 The revolt actually began before that. The measure of the Pueblo's hatred of the Spanish is indicated by the fact that he was able to keep the plans secret, even though they involved many different leaders and towns. Po'pay murdered his own son-in-law, Nicolas Bua, because he feared he might betray the plot to the Spanish. Only the Tiguex area, close to the seat of Spanish power in Santa Fe and perhaps the most acculturated of the Pueblos, declined to join in the revolt. The Southern Piros were apparently not invited to join the revolt.〔John, 99; Riley, 267〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Popé」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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