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The Romani genocide or Romani Holocaust, also known as the ''Porajmos'' (Romani pronunciation: ), or ''Samudaripen'' ("Mass killing"), was the planned and attempted effort, often described as a genocide, during World War II by the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate the Romani (Gypsy) people of Europe. Under the rule of Adolf Hitler, a supplementary decree to the Nuremburg Laws was issued on 26 November 1935, defining Gypsies as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews. Thus, the fate of Roma in Europe in some ways paralleled that of the Jews.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) )〕 Historians estimate that 220,000 to 500,000 Romani were killed by the Nazis and their collaborators, or more than 25% of the slightly less than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time.〔 Some estimates of the death toll are as high as 1.5 million. In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that genocide had been committed against the Romani. In 2011 the Polish Government passed a resolution for the official recognition of the 2nd of August as a day of commemoration of the genocide. ==Etymology== The term ''porajmos'' (also ''Porrajmos'' or ''Pharrajimos''—literally, "devouring" or "destruction" in some dialects of the Romani language〔: "Porajmos: The Romani Holocaust (1933–1945), also Baro Porajmos, lit. 'great devouring.〕) was introduced by Ian Hancock, in the early 1990s.〔.〕 Hancock chose the term, coined by a Kalderash Rom, from a number of suggestions in an "informal conversation in 1993". The term is used mostly by activists and is unknown to most Roma, including relatives of victims and survivors.〔 Some Russian and Balkan Romani activists protest against using the word ''porajmos''.〔 In various dialects, "porajmos" is synonymous with ''poravipe'' which means "violation" and "rape", a term which some Roma consider to be offensive. Balkan Romani activists prefer the term ''samudaripen'' ("mass killing"), first introduced by linguist Marcel Courthiade. Hancock dismisses this word, arguing that it does not conform to Romani language morphology.〔 Some Ruska Roma activists offer the term ''Kali Traš'' ("Black Fear"). Another alternative that has been used is ''Berša Bibahtale'' ("The Unhappy Years").〔 Lastly, adapted borrowings such as ''Holokosto'', ''Holokausto,'' etc. are also occasionally used in the Romani language. Linguistically, the term ''porajmos'' is composed of the verb root ''porrav''- and the abstract-forming nominal ending -''imos''. This ending is of the Vlax Romani dialect, whereas other varieties generally use -''ibe(n)'' or -''ipe(n)''. For the verb itself, the most commonly given meaning is "to open/stretch wide" or "to rip open", whereas the meaning "to open up the mouth, devour" occurs in fewer varieties.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=romani.uni-graz.at )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Porajmos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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