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Porfirio Díaz
José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori ((:porˈfiɾjo ði.as); 15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was a Mexican soldier and politician, who served seven terms as President of Mexico; a total of three and a half decades from 1876 and 1911. A veteran of the Reform War and the French intervention in Mexico, Díaz rose to the rank of General, leading republican troops against the French-imposed Emperor Maximilian. Seizing power in a coup in 1876, Díaz and his allies ruled Mexico for the next thirty-five years, a period known as the ''Porfiriato''.
Díaz is a controversial figure in Mexican history, with the status of villain among the revolutionaries who overthrew him, and something of a hero of capitalism in the business community. The ''Porfiriato'' was marked by significant internal stability (known as the "''paz porfiriana''"), modernization and national economic growth. This was in part due to heavy investment in mining and railways from American and British business. However, Díaz's regime grew unpopular due to civil repression and political stagnation. His economic policies furthermore helped a few wealthy estate owning hacendados acquire huge areas of land, leaving rural ''campesinos'' unable to make a living; thus resulting in a shortage of jobs and depressingly low wages for the Mexican peasantry. This directly precipitated the Mexican Revolution, in which Díaz fell from power after he imprisoned his electoral rival and declared himself the winner of an eighth term in office. Díaz fled to France, where he died in exile four years later. He is buried in Montparnasse cemetery in Paris.
== Early years ==
Porfirio Díaz was the sixth of seven children, baptized on 15 September 1830, in Oaxaca, Mexico, but his actual date of birth is unknown. September 15 is an important date in Mexican history, the eve of the date hero of independence Miguel Hidalgo issued his call for independence in 1810; when Díaz became president, the independence anniversary was commemorated on September 15 rather than the 16th, a practice that continues to the present era. Díaz was a mestizo (mixed European and indigenous), and he never sought to hide his origin. His mother, Petrona Mori (or Mory) was the daughter of a man whose father had immigrated from Spain and Tecla Cortés, an indigenous woman; Díaz's father was a Criollo.〔〔 There is confusion about his father's name, which is listed on the baptismal certificate as José de la Cruz Díaz, but also known as José Faustino Díaz, was a modest innkeeper and died of cholera when his son was three.〔
Despite the family's difficult circumstances following Díaz's father's death in 1833, Díaz was sent to school at age 6. In the early independence period the choice of professions was narrow: lawyer, priest, physician, military. The Díaz family was devoutly religious, and Díaz began training for the priesthood at the age of fifteen when his mother, María Petrona Mori Cortés, sent him to the Colegio Seminario Conciliar de Oaxaca. He was offered a post as a priest in 1846, but important national events intervened. Seminary students volunteered as soldiers to repel the U.S. invasion during the Mexican American War. Despite not seeing action, Díaz realized his true vocation was the military, not the priesthood.〔 Also in 1846, Díaz came into contact with a leading Oaxaca liberal, Marcos Pérez, who taught at the secular Institute of Arts and Sciences in Oaxaca. Another student there was had been Benito Juárez, who became governor of Oaxaca in 1847. Díaz met Juárez that year. In 1849, over family objections Díaz abandoned his ecclesiastical career and entered the Instituto de Ciencias and studied law.〔〔 When Antonio López de Santa Anna returned to power via coup d'état in 1853, he suspended the 1824 constitution and persecuted liberals. At this point, Díaz had aligned himself with radical liberals (rojos), such as Benito Juárez. Juárez was forced into exile in New Orleans; Díaz supported the liberal Plan de Ayutla that called for the ouster of Santa Anna. Díaz evaded an arrest warrant and fled to the mountains of northern Oaxaca, where he joined the rebellion of Juan Alvarez. In 1855, Díaz joined a band of liberal guerrillas who were fighting Santa Anna's government. After the ouster and exile of Santa Anna, Díaz was rewarded with a post in Ixtlan, Oaxaca that gave him valuable practical experience as an administrator.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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